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PHIL1032 - Coggle Diagram
PHIL1032
Week 5
Metaethics
Moral objectivism
Moral cultural relativist challenge to moral objectivism
Normative
Applied
What is uncontroversially wrong?
Week 9
Carol Gilligan (Developmental moral psychology)
Noticed women didn't score highly on Kohlbergs model and was based mainly on male participants
Asked what the impacts of this study design were
Talked to women in their first trimester of pregnancy who were considering abortion
Talked to girls and women college students about their real-world experience with moral dilemmas
Jean Baler Miller conclusion about inevitable challenge to patriarchal order
Women's moral development is focused on the expansion and refinement of their knowledge
Staged model
Preconventional - Survival
Conventional - Moral reasoning, focused on relationships, but with self-sacrifice and the good of others at the centre of decision
Postconventional - Moral reasoning that has a 'truth' dimension
Carole Pateman (Sexual Contract)
Social contract theories subordinate women
Nature of institutions rather than claim about all men and all women
UK political theorist
Feminist Ethics of care
Similar to virtue ethics
Care is a process that occurs between people
About our relationships to specific people, and balancing the associated responsibilities
Kohlberg
Heintz dilemma
Stages of moral development
Level 1 - Pre-moral level
Level 2 - Morality of Conventional Role-Conformity
Level 3 - Morality of Self-accepted Moral Principles
Week 12
Climate Justice
Who bears responsbility?
Do we consider historical emissions as well as per-capita?
Who is causally responsibl?
Personal ethics approach
Reducing carbon footprint
Ineffective as problems are systemic
Doesn't ensure fair allocation of burdens/costs
That is the role of justice, not personal ethics
Impacts
Social
Greater inequality
Health impacts
Economic costs
Storm damage
Infrastructure
War
Famine
Collapse of ecosystems
Mass extinction
In Australia
Temperature raised 1.4 degrees since 1910
Average snow cover/depth decreased
Fires will likely be more intense, frequent, longer
Heavy rainfall, flooding and dust storms will increase
Severity of severe storms set to increase
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)
at least 70% of originate in animals
Half of the pathogens originate in animals
15 million die a year from zoonoses
Numbers will worsen with climate change
Week 1
What is a 'good person'?
What is it about them?
What is right or wrong?
Lying
What are wrong-making features of 'wrong' actions
Who decides?
Individuals
Gods
Philosophers
Culture
What do I owe to others?
Which others? only the people you know or strangers?
"Practical Philosophy"
Action guiding
Week 6
Egoism as a psychological thesis
Ring of Gyges story
If people could get away with wrongdoing, there would be no motivation to act morally
The undetected immoral/unjust person will be happier than the moral/just person
Is it true that we are primarily motivated by self-interest?
If we are motivated by self-interest, can morality be reconciled?
If we can be moral, why should we if we could get away with immorality?
Psychological Egoism
Hedonistic
Actions to attain pleasure
Nozick's 'experience machine'
Conflicts with empirical evidence of giving up pleasurable activities for individual achievements/interests
Paradox of hedonism
Broad
We ARE fundamentally self-interested beings in that we are
always motivated to satisfy our own preferences
Implications for morality (normative [ought to behave])
Ethical egoism
Prescribes self-motive as proper motive for action
Social Contract theory
Hobbs
Morality is the solution as self-interested humans cannot flourish without rules and order
Morality serves our rational self-interest
Week 2
Ancient Greeks
Epicurus
Created remote community
Atoms and naturalism
life of pleasure and least pain
Letter to Menoeceus
Zeno of Citium
Stoicism
Living according to nature "logos"
Virtue
Sage and average individual
Famous image "archer"
Why do we study them?
Eudaimonia and the good life
Week 3
Aristotle
Pupil of Plato
Ethics, politics, economics, physics, astronomy, biology, psychology, logic, literary history
Logical system until 17th century
Nichomachus is his son
Ethics
Practical guidance
Relevant to politics
Methods
Endoxic method
Conceptual analysis
Moral action is messy
Eudaimonia
Ergon
Animate
Inanimate
External goods
Importance of good and bad luck
Virtue
Week 4
Ethics, Religion and God
What explains morality?
What are the origins of morality?
Religious (from God)
Socialised into a religion
Might morality be a
mask
?
How can we ground morality?
What authority does morality have?
Does morality have an
objective
foundation?
Is morality relative to one's culture or history?
Is it rational to put someone else's needs or interests before one's own? If so, how are we to understand this sort of rationality?
What justification can be given to morality?
What motivates us to behave morally?
If morality is burdensome, what motivates people to act in accordance with these values?
Do we really act out of a sense of moral duty
Do we ever
really
act in ways that go against our self-interest?
Why
should
we be moral?
What does a religious answer look like?
Divine revelation
Divine command
Divine sanction or reward
What is the skeptical challenge, and how can we respond?
Divine command view of morality
Euthyphro problem
Anderson
Loving God
Adams
Humans make errors
Nietsche's Challenge
‘the death of God’ is also an opportunity to create a new set of values
Theism
(deny that there is no God and insist that God provides a secure and authoritative basis to morality)
Moral nihilism
(agree that there is no God and agree there is no authoritative basis to morality)
Secular humanism
(e.g. Elizabeth Anderson, Kai Nielsen)
Existentialism
(e.g. Albert Camus)
Week 10
Justice and Inequality
John Rawls
Theory of Justice
Grounded in Social contract theory
Inequality can be justified
'justice as fairness'
'veil of ignorance'
Principles
'
liberty
' principle
Social and economic inequalities need to be arranged
'
Equal opportunity principle
'
'
Difference Principle
'
Implications of poverty and inequality
Education
Employment
Health
Life-expanctancy
Week 11
Immigration and refugees
UN Refugee Convention 1951
Problems
Outdated
No requirement for burden sharing between states
No account for large numbers of asylum seekers
Key terms
Immigration
Emmigration
Refugees
Asylum seekers
Activity
What would be a fair share of refugees for Australia to take?
On what basis could we justifiably exclude refugees
What about those suffering as a result of gross global inequality
Arguments for closed borders
Sovereignty response
Michael Walzer's communitarian challenge
Arguments for open borders
Joseph Carens
Rejects sovereignty response
Nozick's Libertarian response
Utilitarianism justice
Appealing to Rawls
Shelley Wilcox
Global Poverty Argument