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CH7-Spatial Strategies for Destinations, Front stage and backstage, …
CH7-Spatial Strategies for Destinations
Government incentives
incentives to individuals, companies and
organizations for adopting green practices
Barbados Tourism Development Act of 2002 which allows hotel operators to claim a 150 per cent tax deduction on expenses resulting from the pursuit of Green Globe 21 Certification
Zoning and districting
Inskeep (1991)
Frontstage-Accommodation, recreation or attraction, retail
Backstage- ‘residential’ or ‘industrial’
Park in Canada
Special preservation-unique, rare or endangered features
Wilderness-natural history themes of park
Natural environment-minimum low density outdoor activities n related facilities
Recreation-limited area education , outdoor recreation
opportunities and related facilities
Development standards
Signage and above ground utility controls
info fosters appropriate tourist behaviour
reduce visual impact-govern size, number, colour, shape, location, content, illumination and height
Landscaping
Maintenance of natural contours, drainage
networks and wetlands
neutralization strategy for selected public
and private open areas
Noise regulation (aural intrusion (airport), volume at attractions, aircraft, other transport, progress made by federal state n gov on aircraft but not on personal vehicle n buses)
Building standards
Sustainable tourism
energy efficiency,
storing and disposing of liquid wastes in nonpolluting way and reducing glare from light
pollution
Cultural sustainability
vernacular architectural norms and use
complimentary paint colours
building materials.
application
Caribbean limit to 3 stories = hide hotel skyline
Urban height restriction =preserve skyline
motivation isn't landscaped related=lack of infrastructural / road capacity cope w volume of use
Public access
deny access to highly sensitive areas
preserve and facilitate community access to other strategic public spaces in order to maintain the goodwill of residents towards tourism
Development density controls
Size n configuration of building (footprint) - Floor area ration (FAR) Low site coverage means that the property could retain a large amount of open
space that could be used as a park or for natural habitat preservation
Setbacks
open space that must be maintained between hotel buildings and the beach
reduce erosion, pollution and long term financial sustainability of resorts by reducing damage from storms and high tides
urban settings=buffer zones between buildings and public roads
or sidewalk
Height restriction ( obtrusiveness in the cultural landscape)
Trade-offs
application
Tourism n fishery industry
coral reef, overfishing, reef fisheries, reef ecosystem
elements
TDR no payment option possible over PDR
Bidding process available
Transfer of development right (TDR) agreement-developer allowed higher density construction for conservation easement
gov effectively delimits sending n receiving area between TDR exchange
sending area - environmentally sensitive site
key to success=understanding n adequate incentives for property owner to in sending area to sell
receiving area- cope w higher density
quid pro quo agreement-mutual interest of public n private sector thru compromise agreement n deviate strict regulation n law
sending area = real development pressure
Front stage and backstage
MacCannell (1976)
Frontstage-accommodate tourists
Backstage- private, every day lives of local residents
Front regions-performances in social establishment made in front of people
Back regions-performers retire to recuperate n prepare for future performances
Stages of Region (Sowards & Fisher -2017)
Stage 4-Backstage regularly open to tourist, frontstage/backstage hybrid
Stage 5-area tourists allowed occasionally n privileged access
Stage 6-"pure"=tourists encounter business related (performance)
Periodic frontstage (backstage sometimes, mainly frontstage peak time)
Stage 3-frontstage organized to appear like backstage
Mobile frontstage (tours/bus/taxi)
Stage 2-Front stage decorated w objects from backstage (shopping villages)
Mobile Backstage (local transportation)
Stage 1-unapologetically contrived performance areas
Roads vary (frontstage/backstage/hybrid) depend location n etc
Distinctions should be implemented in informal early stage (destination life cycle)
unclear backstage design separation lead to risk of cross cultural, understanding, confrontation n vigilantism
Implication of Sustainability
Frontstage local culture are offered to tourists in commodified form, backstage traditional n authentic culture can be practiced n preserved (Sanctuary factor)
DAT (deliberate alternative tourism) or SMT (sustainable mass tourism) can be achieve-local resident cope better demand n impacts tourism
alternative tourists= high potential for negative sociocultural consequences
Mutual antagonism among 3 (gov, mid class, low class)
(Sowards & Fisher -2017)
include percentage at destination
stability of distribution (change)
measure of distribution (stage 1-6)
relevant indicator
physical nature boundary
eye sore n not intrusive/displeasing
different indicators n benchmark (frontstage n backstage)
LAC (limit acceptable change) n CC
flexible cc assumption
demand driven-need to make sure first the place can cope to demand
appropriate when
already heavily modified or urbanized
and a weak sustainability approach is taken
confidence in the projected carrying capacity
threshold associated with a given level of intensification
resources are available to invest in the appropriate coping
mechanisms
local residents and other stakeholders support intensification
that leads toward SMT
Implication
Aerial intrusions-overpass tourism aircraft
Visual intrusions-frontstage/backstage
Aural intrusions-unwelcomed noise from frontstage
Olfactory intrusions-unwanted odors n fumes
Fixed CC assumption
supply-side approach=level n mode of tourism maintain below critical cc regardless actual demand
cc unknown
resources cant accommodate intensification / tourism expansion
fragile, undisturbed natural environment/culture
residents opposed to intensification
Purchase of development rights (PDR)
agreements
ex: Rural land retained as natural habitat or farmland
Wright and Skaggs, 2002
payment of a negotiated sum to a landowner
exchange for permanent deed restrictions on the land uses and activities that are allowed on that land
retained as the private property of the existing landowner
compromise = the private property status quo +
acquisition of that property by government