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COGS1010 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - "hidden disability"
      - Good at many things
      - Perceived as unintelligent
      - Rare disorders (austism) more researched
    - - Receptive
      - Expressive
  - - - Hearing
      - Non-verbal intelligence
      - Attention
      - Articulation
  - - - Speech and language therapists
        
        One-on-one
        
        Language development centers in primary school
        
        Language development schools (the UK)
      - Computer programs
        
        FastForword
        
        DaisyQuest
        
        Earobics
    - - Poor auditory processing
        
        FastForword
        
        Tomatis Therapy (music therapy)
      - Poor working memory
        
        CogMed
      - Poor brain functioning
        
        Fish oil
        
        Brain gym
  - - - Find a systematic review (review of all properly controlled studies of a treatment)
      - DIY systematic review
      - Use indirect evidence
      - Strike out
- - - - Biological/neural (e.g., genetic abnormality, damage to left temporal lobe)
      - Cognitive (e.g., impairment in memory, language ability, belief evaluation)
      - Behavioural (e.g., poor word reading, unable to produce long sentences, poor performance on false belief tasks)
    - - Case studies
        
        "Clive"
        
        Refinement of theories of how reading works
        
        Informed treatment and remediation
      - Group studies
- - - - Bell curve in classrooms
      - Instructional casualty
      - Phases
        
        Logographic (4-5yrs)
        
        Alphabetic (5-7 yrs)
        
        Orthographic phase (7-8yrs+)
      - Dual route model
    - - Surface dyslexia
      - Phonological
      - Hyperlexia
      - Letter Identification
      - Letter position
    - - Surface dyslexia
        
        Basic flashcards, focussing on irregular words
      - Phonological dyslexia
        
        Wealth of phonics training programs
      - Letter identification dyslexia
        
        Letter training programs like "Letterland"
      - Letter position dyslexia
        
        Following with finger may help
      - Hyperlexia
        
        Much harder to treat
- - - - Friendships
      - Relationships
      - Financial hardship
      - Loss of job
      - Anger, frustration
      - Often physical disability following a stroke
    - - No cure
      - Often never get back to 'normal'
      - Speech pathology helps
      - Improvement in first 3 months quite rapid
    - - level of breakdown within a cognitive model of language processing
      - Error types in word retrieval
        
        Sematic errors
        
        Phonological errors
        
        Unrelated errors
        
        Visual errors
        
        Circumlocution
        
        No (specific) response
        
        Perseveration
- - - - Apperceptive
      - Associative
      - Simultanagnosia
      - Optic Aphasia
      - Category-Specific Deficits
      - Amusia
      - Prosapagnosia
- - - - Dissociative
      - Psychogenic
      - Functional
      - Can be blotchy
    - - Rapid forgetting
      - Failure to consolidate or retrieve new learning
    - - Henry Molaison
      - Clive Wearing
    - - Retrieval
        
        Frontal lobe dysfunction responsible
        
        Memories are created but access is impaired
        
        Causes
        
        Brain Injury
        
        Depression
        
        Stroke
        
        Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
      - Consolidation
        
        Memories never created so recollection is never engaged
        
        Causes
        
        Stroke
        
        Transient global amnesia
        
        Temporal lobe epilepsy
        
        Transient epileptic amnesia
        
        Herpes simplex encephalitis
- - - - Grapheme-colour
      - Auditory-visual
      - touch-colour
      - time-space
      - mirror-touch
    - - Genetic predisposition
        
        A lot of synaesthetes without synaesthestic relatives
      - Must depend on learning at some point
      - Hypotheses
        
        Extra connections between brain areas
        
        Extra strength of connections between brain areas
        
        Lack of normal inhibition of connections between brain areas
    - - Direct
      - Indirect
        
        Synaesthetic priming
    - - Stroop Effect
      - Synaesthetic Congruency Effect
    - - Combining features requires effortful search
- - - - Agency
      - Body Ownership
    - - Schizophrenia
      - Alien hand syndrome
      - Somatoparaphrenia
      - Phantom limbs
      - Anorexia nervosa
      - Out of body experiences
    - - Getting out of bed straight away
      - Sleeping in a little more
      - Flow state
      - Religious rituals
        
        Chanting
        
        Psychotropics
        
        Dancing
      - Hypnosis
    - - Anarchic hand syndrome
      - Delusions of control
      - Obsessive compulsive disorder
      - Depression
      - Addiction
    - - Comparator model
        
        Agency and tickling
      - Apparent mental causation
        
        Vicarious agency (Wegner and Winerman, 2004)
    - - Stroke
        
        Somatoparaphrenia
      - Physical injury
        
        Phantom limb
      - Developmental
        
        Anorexia nervosa
    - - Multisensory perception
        
        Visual signals
        
        Tactile signals
        
        Proprioceptive signals
- - - - Mirrored-self misidentification
      - Capgras delusion
      - Cotard delusion
      - Fregoli delusion
      - Somatoparaphrenia
      - Alien control
    - - What suggested the idea of the belief?
      - What prevented the proper evaluation of this idea?
        
        Usually brain damage to the right hemisphere
    - - Monothematic
      - Insightful
      - Encapsulated
      - Not rare
- - - - Induction
      - Hypnotic items
        
        Tests
        
        Suggestions
        
        Ideomotor
        
        Challenge
        
        Cognitive/delusory
        
        Posthypnotic amnesia
        
        Cancellations
      - De-induction
    - - Normally distributed
      - ~12 suggestions scored as pass or fail
      - Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS)
    - - Intrinsic
      - Instrumental
        
        Modelling
        
        Functional amnesia
        
        Conversion paralysis
        
        Auditory hallucinations
        
        Delusions
    - - Identify features of case
      - Develop hypnotic suggestions
      - Measure response to suggestion
      - Can we challenge their delusion?
- - - - Higher in males in late adolescents
      - Estrogen Protection Hypothesis
    - - Positive symptoms
        
        Delusions
        
        Halluciantions
      - Negative symptoms
        
        Apathy
        
        flat affect
        
        Anhedonia
        
        Alogia
    - - Any 2 or more of characteristic symptoms
        
        Delusions
        
        Hallucinations
        
        Disorganised speech &/or behaviour
        
        Negative symptoms
      - Drop in social and occupational functioning
      - Signs present for at least 6 months
    - - Epidemiology
      - Post-mortem studies
      - Genetics
      - Clinical
        
        Switch to syndromes
        
        Type II (negative symptoms)
        
        Type II (negative symptoms)
      - Cognitive
        
        'Cognitive symptoms'
        
        Cognitive neuropsychiatry
      - Switch to statistical
    - - Range of tasks
        
        Story comprehension
        
        Joke appreciation tasks
- - - - Work
      - Relationships
      - Attention
      - Mood
      - Well-being
    - - First mention 2011 "The Psychadelic Explorer's Guide"
      - Rolling Stone article 2015
      - Popular trend 2015 - now
    - - Sustained, positive personality change
      - Treatment of tobacco addiction: 80% abstinence at 6 month follow up
      - Immediate and substantial reductions in anxiety and depression in end-of-life cancer patients; 60-80% sustained at 6 months
      - Comparable anti-depressant effects to Escitalopram
    - - Study 1 (short-term and long-term)
      - Study 2 (Study 1 findings were not a placebo)
    - - Small number of studies/labs
      - Small sample sizes (5/9 n <25)
      - Evidence of fose-dependent effects
      - All studies have looked at healthy people
      - Samples highly experienced with pschedelics