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NT Final Exam - Coggle Diagram
NT Final Exam
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Diversity of Early Christianity: There is always diversity within religious movements and each group thinks they are right and the others are wrong. Despite difference they all agree JESUS IS SAVIOUR
The Judaizers: They advocated that Gentile converts must undergo circumcision and obey dietary laws are prescribed in the Torah. Against Pauls teaching. they believed in order to be saved you need to be Jewish. James Peter runs them. they thought nothing could be equal to God.
Ebionites: ADOPTIONISTS. Ebionite in Hebrew means POOR ONES. They believed in ONE God - Jesus is totally HUMAN not divine. Believe he was adopted at his BAPTISM and that he was the most RIGHTEOUS.. Adopted Son of God. the ENTIRE jewish law was to be followed. Their main text was likely Matthew without birth narratives. Paul was viewed as HERETIC.
Marcionites: Followed Paul. God of OT is not God of JESUS. Jesus SEEMED human but was COMPLETELY divine (DOCETITISM). Marcion is. the first to draft a life of writings (canon)
Gnostics: very DIVERSE. A collection of different churches. Jesus was a righteous man but CHRIST entered him at BAPTISM and departed just before his DEATH. Emphasis mostly on secret knowledge. They were disgusted with MATERIAL WORLD. the library of Gnostic writings was discovered in late 40s as NAG Hammadi Library. the 3 cliches: 1. believed in a dualistic anthropology 2. believed in dualistic theology (2 Gods) one was Monad -- supreme and 2nd was Demiurge -- less than. 3. Premise for secret knowledge.
Proto-Orthodox:"Winners" the apostolic church. believed Jesus is 100% man and 100% God. The FORERUNNERS of what would become orthodox Christianity --- the Christianity of the Church Fathers ---- came the Greek Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church --- which came Protestantism etc. Historians dont like to use terms orthodoxy and heresy to describe early christian groups. Early Christianity did NOT have a mainstream version of Christianity.
the relationships between Old and New Testament: Redemptive Story!! The OT had prophecies of the Messiah and Jesus fulfills the prophesies in the NT. One cannot be without the other. The OT depends on the NT to continue the story and the NT depends on the past foundation as a precursor for the coming Messiah.
Typology: a type is an institution, event or person ordained by God that prefigures some Christian truth. i.e. Melchizedek -- Jesus as High Priest (Hebrews) and Elijah --- John the Baptist.
Typology is the analogy (likeness/pattern) between the OT and NT.
- The NT shows the meaning of the OT i.e. Israel is a type of church acc. to Paul (Gal 6.16)
- Israel is the OT people of God. The birth of the church in NT holds the people of God. the OT temple and the heavenly temple. **the Church can understand itself only as the eschatological Israel of God.
- Biblical Basis: Adam was a type of the one to come (Rom 5.14)
- the tabernacle and the heavenly pattern shown to Moses
- Jesus' life and the way Christianity ought to live
- Israel and the church
Story Telling: relevant stories because they are typical and because they are typical, the are applicable to the life of the believer.
- it is historical -- based on the consistency of God's activity.
- not allegory because allegory ignores historical situations and this is typology which requires real correspondence between actual events.
NT is mostly typology - retrospective on history. it looks backwards because it interprets the past. it is not prophetic which looks forward like the OT.
Social Backgrounds: - Ancient Judea/Palestine was an AGRARIAN society --- cultivation of land. 10% of the pop. was an elite ruling class and 90% peasants.
Roman Demographics:
- under Augustus, 30% of people were slaves. They were treated like pets.
- 60% of empires resources were consumed by Rome and dominated roman roads.
Family and customs: collectivists. high context society where family meant everything. All families whether Jewish or Greco-Roman were PATRIARCHAL relating to social and government system.
Citizen & Law: A way in which Rome subjugated citizens, maximized loyalty, and kept slaves in line was by rewarding or offering citizenship which meant security and long life.
The Sanhedrin: the Jewish law courted located in the temple made up of 71 men and led by the high priest. In Judea, all recorded crucifixions are for INSURRECTION -- uprising against government. ** Jesus was crucified for the crime of SEDITION - inciting to people to rebel against the government and post political threat.
Peasant Life: 90% of population. 90% of wages were taxed = debtor society. Need to borrow money -- loans get called in and then go to prison and sold to slavery to pay debt. ** during Jesus lifetime, Tiberius was Emperor and was on the head of the coin.
Language: - 4 primary languages: greek, Aramaic, Hebrew and latin. the 2 most common languages were Greek and Aramaic.
Jewish Background:
- the most distinguishing aspect of judaism within the Greco-Roman world was its monotheism.
- Many scholars today argue Jews worshipped YHWH as their ethnic God but also believed in other deities.
-Monotheism: belief in single deity
- Henotheism: belief in or worship of 1 deity while believing in other deities.
- TORAH: the LAW. As the chosen people of God, Jewish people were obligated under covenant to keep the requirements of the Torah.
- the law given to Moses was seen as an offering of GRACE, MERCY, and PRIVILEGE. -- not considered a hardhip
- Passover --- Israel's exit from Egypt
- Pentecost --- giving thanks for the gift at Sinai which is 50 days after Israels exodus from Egypt.
- Tabernacle -- the time the Israelites lived in tents in the wilderness
- TEMPLE: CENTRAL:
- The synagogue: a political and religious institution meaning assembly. when the temple was destroyed, the synagogue became the CENTRE of worship but didn't replace temple entirely (e.g. animal sacrifice).
- OT speaks of PRIESTLY, PROPHETIC and ROYAL figures being "anointed". Second temple lit, including Dead Sea Scrolls speak of MULTIPLE messiahs.
- Summary on Messiahs: the messianic pretenders all had a MILITARY understanding of messiahship and associated it with KINGSHIP. the arch enemy in their campaigns was Rome and Jewish temple leadership. The examples of the coming Messiah was David, military, grand interpreter, and wisdom. * Samaritans were also jewish. They believed Mount Gerizim was where Moses received the law.
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Religious Writings: there are over 100 explicit quotations from the OT in the NT not to mention allusions.
- Versions of Scripture:
- Masoretic Text: Written in Hebrew with little Aramaic. Copied by a 6th c group called Masoretes
Dead Sea Scrolls: Wrotten on Hebrew, Aramaic, and some Greek. Copied by group called Essenes
- Septuagint: Written in Greek. Most used version by NT writers**. Some differences are sig. but most are minor. Considered as INSPIRED by many outside Judea.
- Targums: Aramaic paraphrase of OT
- Samaritan Pentateuch: written in Paleo-Hebrew
- OT Apocrypha: og means hidden but to protestants it means non-scruptural.
- OT Pseudepigraphal: falsely ascribed. all works that arent canonical
- Josephus: lived in a generation after Jesus and important source of Jewish life and history
- Philo: ** Philo read ALLEGORICAL meanings into biblical narratives.
- CANONIZATION: Gospels were set early and widely circulated and used together, shared authority.
- in 180 CE Irenaeus calls the 4 Gospels the "four pillars"
with demise of Marcionism in early 3rd cent, Paul's popularity due to Acts, Pauline letters became POPULAR to proto-orthodox groups.
- Athanasius (367 CE): drafts the first list of books that reflects NT 27 books.
- Revelation and Hebrews were disputed in the West.
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