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water soluble vitamins, biotin, B6 pyridoxine, folate, vitB12, pantothenic…
water soluble vitamins
readily absorbed
cooking loss
function as coenzymes
participate in energy metabolism
50 -90% are absorbed
outer layer of grains
thiamine
break down alcohol and metabolize CHO and amino acids
transmission of nerve impulses by keeping nerves healthy
deficiency
chronic alcoholic
IV theraphy without vitamin and diet for 7 days
kidney dialysis
3 types of Beriberi
dry,wet,cerebral
RDA- 1.1 mg/day for women
1.2 for men
surplus is lost in urine, non toxic
binge alcohol 1-2 week - deficiency
riboflavin
coenzymes
fatty acid broken down and burned for energy
helps metabolize CHO, fat and protein
enhence the functions of other vitaminB, niacin and B12
deficiency
stomatitis
painful red tongue and sored throat
chapped and fissured lips cheilosis
angular stomatitis
oily scaly skin rashes on scrotum, vulva, philtrum of the lip, or nasolabial folds
the eye become itchy, watery, bloodshot and sensitive to light
interference with iron absorption, anemia with normal cell and normal Hb (normochromic normocytic anaemia)
ariboflavinosis
during pregnancy- birth defects including congenital heart defects and limb deformities
food sources
milk products, grain, liver,cereal, oyster, asparagus, broccoli, greens, sensitive to uv
1.1mg /day for female, 1.2 for male
niacin B3
nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
Pellagra if deficient
dementia, diarrhoea, dermatitis occur in 50- 60 days, poor appetite, weight loss, weakness
prevented with adequate protein diet
every 60 g of trytophen can give 1mg of niacin
protect the health of the skin
help the body to metabolize fat
large amount can reduce LDL and higher HDL
DV 20mg
biotin
can be deficient by ingestion of raw egg white
scaly inflamed skin, tongue, lip changes
avidin bind to biotin
poor appetite, nausea, vomitting
anaemia, muscle pain and weakness, poor growth
assist the addition of CO2 to other compound
synthesis of glucose, fatty acids and DNA
help break down certain amino acid
food sources- cauliflower, yolk, peanuts, cheese
can be synthesized by large intestine but bioavailability is unsure
B6 pyridoxine
pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine
activate the metabolism of CHO, fat, protein
synthesize nonessential amino acid via transamination
synthesize neurotransmitters
synthesize haemoglobin and WBC
homocysteine (toxic effect on arterial wall) can be reduced by vit 6,12 and folate
deficiency
depression, skin disorder, impared immune disorder, vomitting, nerve irritation
athletes more need
alcohol destroy vitamin B6
well absorbed- food sources- meat, fish, poultry, potatos, milk, enrished cereals
less absorbed- banana, spinach, avocados
2mg/day
folate
deficiency
megaloblastic anaemia
neural tube defect
spina bifida
neural tubes closes first 28 days of pregnancy
coenzyme
homocysteine metabolism
neurotransmitter formation
folate to create DNA
prevent birth defects during early pregnancy
the health of red blood cell
RDA 200microG/DAY
for pregnant 500micro
fortified bread, cereals and rice
bean, orange juice, spinach
vitB12
deficiency
pernicious anaemia
paralysis, parasthesia, look like folate deficiency
usually 95% due to poor absorption
20 years of deficient - nerve damage
achorhydria
compound containing the mineral cobalt
synthesized by fungi, and other organisms
role in folate metabolism
maintenance of myelin shealths
RBC formation
1microgram/day
1.2 for pregnant
pantothenic acid
rare deficiency
part of coenzyme A
food sources- meat ,egg, liver, mushroom, peanut
vitamin C
to make collagen
antioxidant
immune system healthy
essential for iron absorption
40mg/day
choline
food sources
milk, liver, eggs, peanuts and lecithin added to food
deficiency lead to NAFLD and haemorrhagic kidney necrosis
newest essential nutrient
all tissue contain choline
precursor for acetylcholine -neurotransmitter
precursor of phopholipids
some role in homocysteine metabolism