Salt stress can cause damage to plant cells, affecting cellular membranes, proteins, and other structures. This damage can lead to cell death and tissue necrosis. Salinity can impact the production and regulation of plant hormones, disrupting growth and developmental processes. High salt levels can hamper the process of photosynthesis by interfering with chlorophyll production and disrupting photosynthetic enzymes. This diminishes the plant's ability to convert light into energy, leading to reduced plant productivity. Weakened plants under salinity stress are more susceptible to pest infestations and diseases, further compromising their growth and survival. Salinity can alter the balance of essential nutrients in the soil. For instance, high salinity can reduce the uptake of crucial nutrients like potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), leading to nutrient deficiencies in the plant. Some ions like sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) become toxic to plants when present in high concentrations. These ions can interfere with essential nutrient uptake, disrupt cellular processes, and cause cellular damage. High salt concentrations in the soil reduce the availability of water for plants. Water moves from areas of low salt concentration (inside plant roots) to areas of high salt concentration (soil), resulting in water loss from the plant. This leads to water stress and wilting.