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Thomas W. Burkman- Crisis over Manchuria, Intro - Coggle Diagram

- - - - He died shortly after the Banff IPR conference in August 1933.
    - - spoke on radio broadcasts, gave speeches, and met with President Hoover and Secretary of State Stimson to advocate for Japan's policy.
        
        compared American actions in the past to Japan's actions and questioned the inconsistency in American responses.
- - - - Disagreements within the court meant that the Emperor's cautionary views were not always followed.
        
        Emperor did not have direct control over the military and feared a potential military coup if he confronted them openly.
        
        Court and cabinet hoped to confine operations to Manchuria, avoid conflict with Chiang Kai-shek's forces, and prevent an open split with other nations.
    - - The court's appeasement of military expansion was driven by fear of domestic unrest and a desire to protect the court-government-military balance of power.
        
        The Emperor's influence was conveyed indirectly through raising questions and expressing concern, rather than issuing direct commands.
- - - - Publicly spoke in support of Japanese military and government actions, presenting a dispassionate argument in favour of their policies.
        
        Defended Japan's actions in Manchuria as self-defense and argued that the League of Nations machinery was not competent to deal with the situation.
  - - - Visited the US in 1933 to demonstrate Japan's intention to remain a cooperative member of the world community, but his efforts to promote goodwill were met with limited success.
        
        Proposed reforms to the League Covenant, advocating for the prohibition of treaty-breaking and nonviolent aggression as remedies for injustice and inequity.
- - - - Yamakawa Tadao, a vice president of the association, had been a consistent supporter of the League, but his articles in support of the League became scarce after 1933.
        
        Yoshino Sakuzō initially supported China's aspirations but later opposed Japan's actions in Manchuria and argued for Manchuria's status as part of China.
        
        Undersecretary-General Sugimura Yōtarō showed grief at Japan's departure from the League and expressed regret over the country's foreign policy decisions.
- - - - Manchurian crisis served as a turning point in Japan's relationship with the League and marked the beginning of Japan's increasingly assertive foreign policy in the 1930s.
- - - - In response to the changing international environment and its ambitions, Japan took military action in Manchuria in 1931 and established the puppet state of Manchukuo.
        
        This action brought Japan into direct confrontation with the League of Nations, and eventually, Japan announced its withdrawal from the organization after 18 months.