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CRIM1002: Criminological Perspectives - Understanding Crime, Epistemology,…

- - - - Structural/functionalist
        
        Created by Emile Durkheim (arguably the founding father of sociology), structuralist or functionalist theory understood society as organism/ecosystem. It asked: What social glue keeps us together? What keeps institutions together? What makes us feel that we are part of a culture? Furthermore, Durkheim argued: that we need to understand this structurally. Our lives are led by structures.
      - Conflict Tradition
        
        Conflict tradition according to Karl Marx argues that society is organised by conflict. That is, diverse groups competing for scarce resources. He saw conflict as unavoidable and that society is built on inequality. Where Durkheim looked for the glue of society, Marx would have likely saw to understanding revolution, show how inequality plays out and investigate how ppl get criminalised.
      - Interactionist tradition
        
        Where Marx was concerned with economic structures and Durkheim focused on the whole macro functions/structures, Interactionst tradition focuses on the micro with Max Weber as one of the founding fathers of the paradigm. He seeked to understand how people
        make meaning out of their social situations and was interested in how we create shared
        identities/reality/culture.
        
        Symbolic Interactionism People act toward things based on the meaning those things have for them, and these meanings are derived from social interaction and modified through interpretation. Looking Glass Self (Cooley) • How do I appear to others? • What must others think of me? • Revise how I think about myself
        
        Labelling Theory Shift attention away from crime towards deviance. Claims that deviance doesn’t reside in the act, but in the reaction to it (i.e. the labelling)
        
        Becker's Rule Breaking Process
        
        Rules are created by social groups, and it is the infraction of these rules that creates deviance
        
        The rules are applied to particular people
        
        Those to whom the rules are applied are then labelled as ‘outsiders’
      - 3 sociological traditions
        
        These three old white men and their theories are the 'canon'. They were all working in Europe in a time of great social change. Most of them used western europe as their examples of trying to make sense of the world. But this excludes the rest of the world!!
- - - - Becker's Rule Breaking Process
        
        Rules are created by social groups, and it is the infraction of these rules that creates deviance
        
        The rules are applied to particular people
        
        Those to whom the rules are applied are then labelled as ‘outsiders
- - - - Vold: Criminalisation- the uneven way the status criminal is assigned; criminology to spotlight how conflicts of interest are played out to the detriment of the least advantaged
      - Turk: Conflict theory- identifies circumstances in which
        conflicts will arise between ‘authorities’ and ‘subjects’ and where criminalisation will be the consequence
      - Chambliss- Law does NOT represent shared values/ best interests of society; use of law to maintain order as capitalism progresses and gap between rich and poor widens (See Saints and Roughnecks reading on Wattle)
  - - - Broken Windows Policing Small signs of disorder mean an increased violation of social norms. Transformed NYPD and others, credit for crime drop of 90’s-2000s. Problem: relies on discretion, not evenly applied. Led to stop and search tactics, racial profiling. Evidence: Policing misdemeanours explains some (though not all) of crime drop. • Evidence: ‘fixing windows’ reduces crime (though note the difference between that and actual police strategies).
  - - - 2019: (30%) of all homicide and related offences were family and domestic violence (FDV) related- 60% women
        2019: nearly half of all assaults FDV related, 66% victims women
        An estimated one in six Australian women (1.6 million or 17%) aged 18 years and over experienced partner violence since the age of 15 (and 6% of men)
        2019: Women were sexually assaulted at a rate six times higher than males (60 and 10 victims per 100,000 females and males, respectively).
        36% female victims of physical assault and 19% of female victims of sexual assault in Australia reported to police.