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Pathophysiology of Cervical Spine Injuries, 5-Figure3-1 - Coggle Diagram
Pathophysiology of Cervical Spine Injuries
Airway Maintenance
Pulmonary Embolism
Pneumothorax, Hemothorax, and Hemopneumothorax
Incidence and epidemiology
Traumatic is more common than spontaneous, resulting from external puncture wounds or internal fluid / air
Risk Factors
High risk activities and smoking with 2x more likely in men, reoccurrence potential in 6 months to 3 years.
Signs & Symptoms
History of a blow to the chest, who presents with chest pain, dyspnea, gasping for breath and cyanosis. Ipsilateral chest rise and no lung sound on affected side.
Field Assessment
Pulse Ox, Auscultation, tracheal deviation and accessory muscle activation
Immediate management
Contraindications
Onset of PTX may have a delayed onset. the MOI of blow to the chest and dyspnea w/o other symptoms are cause for a post event evaluation and instructions to the patient to watch for s/s during travel.
High flow O2, and rapid transport
Indications
Slow recovery post exercise, respiratory distress, accessory muscle use, jugular vein distention, cyanosis
Incidence and epidemiology
Blockage at the lung preventing gas exchange.40%-50% of patients with DVT will develop PE
Risk Factors
Recent surgery, Immobilizations, History of sitting for long periods.
Signs & Symptoms
Sudden dyspnea, chest pain, hemoptysis, hypoxia, cyanosis
Field Assessment
Pulse Ox, HR, BP, Activate EMS
Immediate management
Supplemental O2, AED on hand, Activate EMS
Supragastric
OPA If no gag reflex present
NPA if trauma to the mouth or gag reflex present
Retrogastric
Blind Airways
Equipment Removal
Helmet Removal
Football, Baseball, Hockey, & Lacrosse
SMR, --> Facemask -->Cheek pads --> Shoulder pads + Helmet
Advantages of removing Equipment
Airway management, CPR/AED access
Pathophysiology
A biomechanical force that can disrupt bony and soft tissue structures of the spine resulting in a decrease in space available to the cord (
SAC
)
Common MOI
Chin-tuck/ head down position results in a compression force that creates an
axial load
leading to a buckling or burst fracture.
Forced flexion from deceleration, causing fractures and subluxation
Emergency Medical Care of Injuries to the Spine
Managing the Airway: Jaw-thrust maneuver
Cardiac Arrest requires the complete removal of helmet and chest pad to prepare for CPR.AED
Cervical Inline Stabilization
Spinal Motions Restrictions
SMR
Traditional, Trap Squeeze & Front Hold
SMR Equipment
Guidelines and Recommendations: review and practice regularly, coordinate efforts and communications during the pregame
Medical Time-Out
Canadian C-spine Rules, & NEXUS Criteria
