CH3-THE STAKEHOLDERS IN
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
Tourism Stakeholders
key actors/stakeholders in
sustainable tourism
Education (public & training)
Utilities Infrastructure
Employees
Suppliers
Tourists (local n foreigner)
Transport
NGO'S (social environment)
Communities
Small Medium Enterprises
Tourism Organasiations & Operations
Government
Industry
Voluntary Sector
Public Sector
Host Community
Media
Tourist
bodies represent the whole
community and / public interest, act on behalf total population, not obligate to take money, revenue from tax bring benefit (policies n projects)
Role
Legislation and regulation
Funding and fiscal incentives
Land use planning
Development and building control
EIAs - Environmental Impact Assessment
Changing approaches to land use planning
The provision of infrastructure
Active player in tourism industry
Official standards
Designated areas for protection and development
Obstacle
The cycle of elections affects long term decisions
Planning systems are slow and cumbersome compared to the
change in the tourism industry
Lack of staff expertise
Little control over tourism product
Lack of financial resources
Corruptions
Low priority and lack of political will
Sector of tourism
Genertating zone
Transportation zone (Transportation
carriers)
Destination zone
Tour operators
Travel agents
Travel media
Hospitality
Entertainment
Transport carriers
Local-owned hotels and travel agents
Visitor attractions
Tourist information offices
Tourists guides
limitation
Lack of an accepted model of what sustainable tourism
actually means in reality
need to respond to the actions of competitors
Lack of concern amongst tourists and their unwillingness to
pay more for their holidays
Factors which are beyond the control of private sector
enterprises such as government policy
Barrier due to the company’s reputation
Lack of interest amongst stakeholders
Lack of in-house expertise
Corporate attitudes – believe that sustainable tourism is the
concern of governments, not industry
critique in
respect of sustainable tourism
Only interested when there is publicity and possibilities of reducing costs.
short-term profit rather than long term sustainability
Minimum effort in raising tourist awareness of sustainability
Exploiting the environment
Controlled by large transnational corporations who are disinterested in individual
destinations
minimum commitment to particular destination
Public pressure group (Operate independently of the tourism industry)
Voluntary trust ( private citizens, voluntary labour, Raise funds to support conservation project)
Professional bodies (Assoc. of Independent Tour Operators (AITO), Hotel, Catering and Institutional Management Assoc. (HCIM),
MATTA, MAH.Represent the industry, limited financial resources to fund sustainable tourism activities, Rarely have power)
Industry pressure group (World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), consists of industry representatives supported by major tourism companies)
Rationale
Level of influence
Involvement Mechanisms
Negative side
concept of democracy
voice to those affected
Make use of local knowledge and decisions made are
well informed
Reduce conflict between tourists and local community
by involving them
total control of strategic policy and tactical decisions
veto on all tourism policies and decisions that are in the
hands of public sector bodies
set the priorities and parameters for public sector policies and/or
decisions
permitted to select a policy/strategy which have been
generated by sector policy makers
views are used to help justify decisions taken by public sector bodies
consulted but its views do not significantly influence public
sector policy
Manipulation
Informing
Consultation
Placation
Partnership
Delegated power citizen control
Add to the cost of tourism planning and development
Lengthen the period needed to develop plans or projects
Allow the majority local community to discriminate against local
ethnic minority groups
Opportunity for local interest group to deny opportunities for leisure and employment to people from outside the area
Types of media
Issues
Interest
Role
Travel media (Guide books, Tv n radio programmes, travel magazines, travel features in newspaper n journal, literatures, internet pages)
Non travel media (News programmes on TV,
radio and newspapers, Special interest
programmes (wildlife), films n television series feature identifiable location,Consumer programmes)
travel media
non-travel media
Encourage tourist to go to
new destination
feature programmes based on trip from journalists
less feature programmes based on trip from host community
Report on negative issues of the
country will affect demand (accurate n not sensationalize)
increase demand for fragile ecosystem-wildlife programme
Protecting consumers rights should
be balance with responsibilities
conflict idea of sustainable tourism from film n tv
High
Low
Wildlife conservation
Conservation of earth resources
Landscapes conservation
Industry responsibilities
Tourist rights and consumer protection
Government responsibilities
The rights of the host community
The rights of employees
Social impacts of tourism
The economic impact of tourism
The human rights records of destinations
governments
Tourist responsibilities
Balance information
developing more sustainable forms
of tourism (advice, awareness on social problem n gov policies)
Responsibilities
Rights
Sustain
obeying local laws and
regulations
not taking part in illegal activities n not enforced by the authorities
not offending local religious
beliefs or cultural norms of behaviour
not harming the local
phisical environment
minimize the use of scarce
local resources
safe and secure from crime, terrorism and
disease
not to be discriminated
not to be exploited by local businesses and
individuals
fair marketing of products
safe, clean physical environment
free and unrestricted movement providing that
they cause no damage
right to meet the local people freely
courteous and competent service
take part in activities
health
vacations as an opportunity to develop a new skill
theming of tourism attractions and accommodations units
heritage
Industrial tourism