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Cognitive/Moral Development Theories + general theories - Coggle Diagram
Cognitive/Moral Development Theories + general theories
Piaget Cog. Dev. Theory
Preoperational
2-7 years old
Symbolic thought
Egocentrism
(where they struggle to see things from other's perspective.)
Magical thinking (thinking @ something that will cause it to occur), Animism (attribute human characteristics to inanimate objects), Irreversibility, centration
Concrete Operational
7-11 years old
Logical thought
Conservation
transitivity,
or the ability to mentally sort objects; and
hierarchical classification
--the ability to sort object into classes and subclasses based on similarities and differences
mental operations, seriate, part-whole operations, horizontal decalage
Sensorimotor
0-2 years old
Object Permanence + Deferred imitation
, the ability to imitate observed act at a later point in time
Circular Reactions, Mental representations
Formal Operational
11+ years old
Scientific Reasoning + Propositional Thought
It is the ability to evaluate the logical validity of verbal assertions without having to use real-world circumstances
abstract thinking, hypothetico-deductive reasoning, egocentricism,
Kohlberg's Moral stages
Post Conventional
11 +
Social Contract Orientation:
Conforms to maintain communities
(Emphasis on
individual rights
).
"If a bx. is fair and agreed upon, it is good, if a bx violates agreements or fairness, it is bad."
Individual principles of conscience/ universal ethical principles orientation:
internalized ethical principles (justice/equality).
"If a bx. aligns w/internal conscience + sense of "the Good," it is good, it is bad or neutral."
Kohlberg describes morality as "
arbitrary" in this stage,
meaning an agreement between ppl.
Conventional
7-11 years old
Law + Order Orientation
Conforms to avoid censure by authorities (
social order
)
"Rule-following = good, rule-breaking = bad"
Good boy/girl morality
(Conforms to avoid disapproval or dislike by others).
"If others approve of a bx., it is good, if others disapprove, it's bad"
Preconventional
4-6 years old
Punishment + obedience
(Obey rules to avoid punishment)
"If a bx. is rewarded it is good, if it is punished it is bad"
Naive hedonism/ Individual Interest; Instrumental relativist orientation
(Conforms to get rewards + have favors returned)
"If a behavior serves me it's good, if not, it's bad"
Progression through Cognitive development of Kohlberg is influence by what?
cognitive abilities, life experiences + exposure to moral dilemmas
Freud
Phallic
3-6 years old
Latent
6 + years old
Anal
2-3 years old
Oral
0-2 years old
Freud's structural model of the mind
ID
Unconscious/instinctual
.
Pleasure Principle
, immediate gratification, drives indiv. to seek pleasure, fulfill basic needs, + satisfy innate instincts.
Pleasure occurs by
4 MO (Oral stage)
Ego
from the Id,
Conscious/rational part of the mind.
Reality Principle
, mediates b/w demands of ID + constraints of reality, helping delay gratification + navigate the world
Reality occurs by
6 MO (Oral stage)
Superego
Internalized moral values, societal norms
, + ideals, Indiv. Conscious + plays role in moral decision making,
Morality principle/ideal principle
, generate feelings of shame/guilt when in conflict.
Punish the ID
for driving towards pleasure.
"Dynamic interactions" or conflicts b/w ID, Ego, + Superego
Genital stage
adolescence + beyond
Erik Erikson -
Psychosocial stages
Autonomy vs. shame + doubt
Will
18 mo. - 3 years
Initiative vs. Guilt
Purpose
3-5 years
Industry vs. Inferiority
Competency
5- 13 years old
Identity vs. Role confusion
Fidelity
13- 21 years old
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Love
21-39 years old
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Care
40-65 years old
Ego Integrity vs. Dispair
Wisdom
65 +
Trust vs. Mistrust
Hope
0-18 mo.
Ultimatum Game
human decision making + social bx.
1. Fairness preference
Proposers (participant w/$100) tend to offer a significant portion of their amount (around
40-50% of $$
). Offers are perceived as fair + equitable.
2. Rejection of Unfair offers
Reject offers they perceive as unfair, especially if signif. lower than what they perceive as fair.
3. Culture + context:
Cultural variations - Western cultures tend to make higher offers compared to some non-Western. Level of anonymity + social norms can influence decisions. Even in poor areas, lowball offers still represent a signif. amnt. of money, those offers are typically rejected to punish free riders + preserve dignity.
This is strong evidence against rational economic theory.
4. Strategic behavior
Proposers strategically make
offers slightly above the minimum acceptable to increase likelihood of acceptance
, while responders may be strategic in rejecting low offers to signal their unwillingness to accept unfair treatment. This
bx. is amplified when players are allowed to mingle + play repeatedly
. Generous players end up playing much more and therefore reap more benefits than miserly players who get greedy
Gilligan's Moral development
argued Kohlberg was based on male perspective, neglected gender, personality + cultural diff. in moral reasoning.
1. Justice Orientation:
Principles of Justice, fairness, + individual rights. Associated w/male-centric perspective + more prevalent in traditional Western moral thinking.
2. Care orientation:
Emphasis on importance of caring, compassion, + interpersonal relationships in moral reasoning. Recognizes mora vale of maintaining + nurturing relationships + prioritizing needs of others. Associ. w/ a female- centric perspective +
more prevalent in traditional Eastern moral thinking.
More about sense of self vs. cognitive (Kohlberg)
Ethics of Care
1. Pre-conventional stage:
Self-interest + individual survival.
"Pre-conventional Prea has only 1 serving of food (her/child), she eats it and lets her child go hungry"
2. Conventional stage: Care + responsibility for others, assoc. w/ self-sacrifice.
"Conventional Cass has 1 serving of food (her/child), she goes hungry so her child can eat."
3. Post Conventional Stage: balancing care for others w/care for oneself, importance w/ one's own needs + autonomy.
"Post conventional Polly has only 1 serving of food (her/child), eats enough to maintain energy to seek out more food/help, + gives her child the rest."
Carl Jung (student of Freud)
Collective unconscious
deep, shared reservoir of knowledge/experiences, universal symbols, themes, + patterns that are present
Archetypes
universal psychological
structures w/in collective unconscious
.
Mother, hero, wise old man + shadow
.
Carl Rogers
emphasized self-actualization; humanistic psychologist
Self-actualization:
when indiv. have positive self-concept + engage
congruent bx.
Self-actualized individuals include
Openness to experience
embrace new ideas, open minded + receptive to personal growth experiences
Genuineness
authentic + genuine in interactions, express true feelings + thoughts w/o pretense or façade
Personal growth
strong desire for personal growth/continuous development. Actively pursue self-improvement + strive to reach their potential
Autonomy
independent + self-directed, making choices that are aligned w/values + needs rather than conforming to external pressures.
"Unconditional positive regard" - accepted/valued by others, they can develop a sense of self-worth + freely explore + express their true selves
Person- Centered therapy
Michael Rutter + studies on resilience
Examined factors that contribute to positive outcomes + adaptive fxing in face of adversity.
Protective factors help children cope w + overcome challenges:
Family support, Social Competence, Cognitive Abilities, + access to education/resources
"resilience as a process"
Resilience
not a fixed trait
, its dynamic + interactive.