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science, (Melting) As ice gains heat,its temperature rises until it…
science
Topic: Transport system in plants, air and the respiratory 
water carrying tubes< carries water and minerals absorbed by the roots up the stem to the leaves, flowers and fruits. >food carrying tubes< carries food made by the leaves to the roots and other parts of the plant .
Topic: Air are made of ........
Fact star: If you blow limewater,the limewater will turn from clear to chalky quickly because the air you breathe out contains a higher amount of carbon dioxide.
Comparing how plants, fish and humans take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide
Facts: plants have many tiny openings found on their leaves. The tiny openings are called stomata .Stomata let gases flow in and out of the plant.
( Breathing process of a fish )
Fact: When a fish breathes, it opens its mouth and fills it with water.As the mouth closes, water from the mouth flows to the gills. Oxygen goes from the water into the blood while carbon dioxide goes from the blood to the water. The blood carries oxygen from the gills to other parts of fish. The water leaving the gills has less oxygen and more carbon dioxide than the water entering the mouth of the fish.
The Circulatory System : Fact : All parts of our body need food and oxygen to work properly.Food and oxygen have to be transported from where they are taken into the body to the others parts of the body.This function is carried out by the circulatory system.
( The human circulatory system )
The blood, blood vessels and the heart are parts of the circulatory system.
< Functions > (Blood function)
Blood is the red liquid that flows out if there is a cut on our skin. Digested food, oxygen, carbon dioxide and many other substances are found in the blood.As blood flows in our body,these substances are carried along.
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(The heart) The heart is found slightly to the left of the centre of the chest.It is connected to the blood vessels in the body.The heart helps blood to flow in our bodies by its pumping action.As the heart pumps,blood flows in and out of the different parts of the heart.At the same time,blood is transported around the body and back to the again.
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(Reproduction and Heredity in plants) >Reproduction in flowering-plants Reproduction in flowering plants requires both female and male parts.The male and female parts are found in flowers.Some plants has flowers consisting of both female and male parts are found in the flowers.Other plants have the male and the female parts in different flowers.
(Reproducing in non-flowering plants) Non-flowering plants reproduce from spores instead of seeds.Spores are very small and are usually found on the underside of the leaves.
(Reproducing and Heredity in Humans) The human reproductive system The structure of all organ systems in male and female humans are the same except for the reproductive system. The human reproductive system must be fully developed before it can have the function to reproduce.This happens during puberty
(Male reproductive system) The parts of the male reproductive system are the testes and penis.The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm cells.Sperms are cells that carry genetic materials.
(Female reproductive system) The parts reproductive system are ovaries,womb and vagina.The functions of the female reproductive system are to produce egg cells and to carry the developing offspring. Every month, one of the two ovaries releases an egg cell.Egg cell contain the genetic materials which the mother passes on to her child.
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How is a baby formed ? An egg cell must join a sperm for it to develop into a baby.The joining of an egg cell and a sperm is known as fertilisation. Fact: One egg can join one sperm.Many sperm travel to reach the egg cell but not all of them can fertilise the egg cell.Once a sperm reaches the egg, the egg forms a covering so that the other sperms will not be able to enter.As the sperm joins with the egg cell,it drops its tail.Its nucleus joins with the nucleus of the egg cell.The fertilised egg cell moves to the womb and continues to develop there.The fertilised egg divides repeatedly to form many cells.As the baby develops in the womb, it obtains nutrients from the mother through the umbilical cord.
From parents to young Children resemble their parents.Parents pass on certain characteristics to their children through the genetic information found in the nuclei of the egg cell and the sperm during fertilisation. Some characteristics which children inherit from their parents are the ability to roll the tongue, attached and detachable earlobe, single or double eyelids, eye colour and hair colour.
A family tree C Relationships of people in a family A family tree is a chart that shows the relationships of people in a family.Using the family tree, the characteristics that are passed on from one generation to another can be traced.
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Topic: The human respiratory
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(Melting) As ice gains heat,its temperature rises until it reaches 0 degree celsius . Any additional heat gain will not cause a rise in temperature but a change from the solid state into the liquid state.The temperature is maintained 0 degree celsius until all the ice has melted. The changes of ice to water is called melting and the temperature at which water changes from solid to liquid state is called its melting point. The melting point is 0 degree celsius.
(Freezing) The temperature of water decreases as it cools.Once the liquid reaches 0 degree celsius,it changes from a liquid to a solid.The temperature will remain at 0 degree celsius until all of the liquid is changed to ice.The change of water into ice is called freezing point.The freezing point is called 0 degree celsius.
(Evaporation) When water gains sufficient heat,it changes from a liquid into water vapour.The change of water from liquid into water vapour is called evaporation.Evaporation can take place at different temperature.
(Boiling) If water is heated to a temperature of 100 degree celsius, it boils.At 100 degree celsius, water changes into steam.Steam is a gas.The temperature of water will remain at 100 degree celsius until all of the liquid has boiled. The change of water into steam is called boiling.The temperature at which water boils called its boiling point.The boiling of water is 100 degree celsius.
(Condensation) When water vapour or steam is cooled to a certain temperature,it will change from a gas into a liquid is called condensation.
[Parts of a flower] A flower is made up of petals,the male parts and the female parts.Each part plays a different function in helping the plant to reproduce. Petals are the most visible part of some flowers.Petals that attract insects and other kinds of animal usually have bright colours.
Male Parts< The male parts of a flower are the filament and the anther.The filament is usually long and thin.It holds up the anther.The anther produces pollen grains called (pollens).A pollen is a small,yellow structure containing the male reproductive cell.
Female Parts< The female parts of a flowers are the stigma,style and ovary.The stigma has a sticky surface and is found at the tip of the style.The style is connected to the ovary at the base of the flower.Inside the ovary are the ovules (egg cell).Fact : Each ovules contains an egg cell.
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( Pollination ) In order for a flower to develop into a fruit,pollination and fertilisation must take place. The anthers of a flower produce pollens .The pollens are transferred to the stigma with the help of wind or animals such as insects and birds. Pollens that land on a flower of its own kind can continue the process of reproduction.This process of transferring pollens to the stigma is called pollination.
( Fertilisation ) Each pollen on the stigma develops a pollen tube that grows down the style towards the ovule in the ovary.The male reproductive cell of a pollen travels ovule.The joining of the male reproductive cell and egg cell is called fertilisation.
Fruits and seeds dispersal< ( Wind dispersal ) Some fruits and seeds are carried away from their parent plants to a new place by the wind.They usually have wing-like structures,hair-like or feathery extensions to help them stay afloat in the air.
(Water dispersal) Plants that grow near bodies of water such as rivers and sea can disperse their seeds through water.The fruits drop into the water and float to other places where the new plants can grow.The fruits have waterproof coverings and structure such as fibrous husks to help them float in water. (Animal dispersal) Some fruits and seeds have hooks or spines that allow them to be attached onto animals.When the fruits and seeds are brushed off, they drop to the ground and grow. Fact : Some plants have fruits which are juicy and sweet.They attract animals to eat them.The fruits have hard seeds that are difficult to digest.If the seeds are swallowed, they stay inside the animal's body and eventually pass out of the body as waste.(Explosive action) Fruits of some plants burst open and forcefully throw the seeds out of the fruits.
(Seeds germination) The new plant can grow from the seed if it gets sufficient water,air and warmth.The growth of a new plant from the seed is called germination.The seed starts to germinate if the roots emerge out of the seed.The shoot will emerge shortly after the roots.
Stages of seed germination : At the beginning, the growing seed depends on the seed leaves (fake leaves) for food.As the food is used up,the seed leaves will shrink.They finally drop off when the true leaves develop and the young plant can make its own food.
From parents to young Plants have characteristics of their parents.Parent plants pass on their characteristics to their young through reproductive cells.
Lungs function : ( >Breathe in< which is when the sheet of muscle below the lungs curves downward, air goes into the nose, down the air tubes and into the lungs. ( >Breathe out< In the lungs, oxygen is taken into the blood and carbon dioxide is removed from blood.To get rid of the carbon dioxide in the lungs, the sheet of muscle below the lungs curves upwards, forcing air out of the lungs.
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It includes lungs and air tubes leading from the nose to the lungs on each side of the body. The main tube that brings air to the lungs is called the windpipe. Below the lungs is a sheet of muscle that curves upwards or downwards as we breathe.
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Solid state < Ice is a solid state of water.It has a definite shape and volume.Ice is colourless ,hard and cold.Snow and hail are also water in the solid state.
Liquid state < Water The liquid state of water has a definite volume but does not have a definite shape.Water takes up the shape of the container.The volume of water does not change even though the shape changes.Pure water is colourless.
Gaseous state<Water Vapour Water in gaseous state is called water vapour.Water Vapour has no definite shape or volume.It spreads until it fills up the container.Water Vapour produced from boiling water is called steam.
From cycles (3B) Notes } [ All the time all temperature water >evaporate / boiling< water vapour ](Only happens at 20 degree celsius
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