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Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System
Life-Span Changes
lungs, respiratory passageways & alveoli undergo
aging-associated changes
exacerbated by exposure
to polluted air
increased work required to breathe w age not noticeable unless person exvcersises a lot
Exposure to
pollutants
raises risk of developing diseases of respiratory system
other particulates
smoke
loss of cilia
raise the risk of infections
thickening of mucus
impaired macrophages
calcified cartilage
skeletal changes
in bronchioles make
breathing more difficult
vital capacity diminishes
altered posture
replacement of smooth muscles
w/ fibrous connective tissue
Physiologic dead space increases
Alveoli coalesce
decreasing the surface area available for gas exchange
Organs
Nose
bone & cartilage support
nostrils provide
entrances for air
Sinuses
spaces in bones of skull
open into nasal cavity
lined w mucous membrane
continuous w lining in nasal cavity
Pharynx
posterior to mouth
between nasal cavity & larynx
provides common passage for air & food
aids in creating vocal sounds
Larynx
enlargement at top of trachea
passageway for air
helps prevent foreign objects from entering trachea
composed of muscles
& cartilages
contains vocal cords
sounds vibrating as air
passes over them
pitch sound related to tension on cords
intensity of sound related to force of air passing
epiglottis helps prevent
food & liquid from entering trachea
Nasal Cavity
space posterior
to the nose
nasal septum
divides medially
nasal conchae divides
the cavity into passageways
& helps increase the surface area
of mucous membrane
cleans, warms &
moistens incoming air
particles trapped in the mucus
carried to pharynx by ciliary action
swallowed
Trachea
extends into
thoracic cavity
divides into right
& left main bronchi
mucous lining
clean incoming air
Bronchial tree
branched air passages
connect the trachea to air sacs
branches include
main bronchi
lobar bronchi
segmental bronchi
intralobular bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli
structure of respiratory tubes
as tubes branch
the amt of of cartilage
in walls decrease
muscular layer persists
to ends of respiratpty bronchioles
elastic fibers in walls aid breathing
functions of respiratory tubes
& alveoli
include
distribution of air
exchange of gases
Lungs
left & right lungs
separated by
mediastinum &
enclosed by diaphragm & thoracic cage
right lung
three lobes
each lobe is compose of
lobules that contain
alveolar ducts
alveoli
nerves
alveolar sacs
blood vessels
lymphatic vessels
connective tissue
left lung
two lobes
visceral pleura attached
to surface of the lungs
parietal pleura lines thoracic cavity
Control of Breathing
Respiratory areas
in brainstem &
include medulla
oblongata & pons
medullary respiratory center
two groups
ventral respiratory group
provides basic
rhythm of breathing
dorsal respiratory group
stimulates inspiratory muscles
& processes secory info
Partial Pressure
PP of gas is determined by
concentration of that gas in a mixture
or conc. of gas dissolved in liquid
PP of gas
dissolved in liquid
equals the partial pressure
of that gas in the air
Factors affecting breathing
chemicals, lungs tissues stretching & emotional state
affect breathing
chemosensitive areas
associated w respiratory center
Co2 combines w/ h2o
to form carbonic acid. which releases hydrogen ions
stimaultion of these areas increase
alveoli ventilation
peripheral chemoreceptors
are in the carotid bodies & aortic bodies of certain artiers
chemoreceptors sense low o2 levels & excess hydrogen ions
o2 levels are low or blood ph drops, alveolar ventilation increases
hyperventilation
decreases CO2 levels below normal, but this is dangerous when associated with breath holding during underwater swimming.
pH rises
hypoventilation
elevated co2 levels, pH drops
Normal breathing is rhythmic
and involuntary
muscles can be controlled voluntarily
Ventilation
breathing
movement of air from outside the body into the bronchial tree and alveoli
minute ventilation
volume of air moved into
the respiratory passages
each minute
mechanical
Respiration
the entire process
by which gases
are exchanged
between atmosphere & body cells
is necessary
b/c cells require o2
to extract maximal energy
from nutrient molecules
& release co2 - metabolic waste
physiological
Alveolar Gas Exchange
Alveoli
tiny sacs clustered
respiratory membrane
consists of alveolar & capillary walls
gas exchange takes place here
diffusion through respiratory membrane
gases diffuse
from regions of higher
partial pressure
toward regions of lower pp
oxygen diffuses from
alveolar air into the blood
CO2 diffuses from the blood
into alveolar air
Gas Transport
Oxygen transport
oxygen mainly transported
bound to hemoglobin
resulting in oxyhemoglobin
unstable, releases its o2
in regions of low po2
more o2 released as
plasma PCO2 increases
as blood becomes more acidic & blood temp increases
Carbon dioxide transport
CO2 may b carried either as
dissolved CO2 in plasma
CO2 bound to hemoglobin
or as bicarbonate ion
most CO2 is transported
as part of bicarbonate ions in plasma
carbonic anhydrase in reed blood cells
speeds the reaction
between CO2& water to form carbonic acid
into CO2 and water
carbonic acid dissociates to release
hydrogen ions & bicarbonate ions
General Characteristics
passages that
transport air
to & from lungs and air sacs