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Global governance - Oceans 2.2... - Coggle Diagram
Global governance - Oceans 2.2...
2.2.6 - Global Governance of the Earths Oceans
Global maritime powers
Nations capable of producing naval armies that travel the oceans
China, USA, Russia, UK, France, Japan, India
Past
Colonial powers overruling foreign territory
Commonly islands, claimed as their own territory for jurisdiction purposes
Present & Future
Major global influencer
Soft & Hard power
Soft power establishes a smarter strategy, one with negotiation and no force
Hard power establishes a militant stand, imposing for trading partners and trade blocs, idea of dominance among others
Oil transit Chokepoint
Narrow chennel along widely used global sea/trade routes
Narrow channels result in restrictions of width and depth, navigation and preparation is key
Chokepoints are a critical part of global security as they transport high volumes of petroleum and other valuables
63% of the worlds oil is transported via sea
Management of Oil Chokepoints
Issues such as piracy of container ships is common among certain areas
Somalia - failed state - has common news of piracy among the suez canal 2011 peak
Therefore, the ships must be defensively prepared
Types of defences
Alarms - 'pirate alarms' to alert higher powers the ship may be vulnerable
Water cannon - high-pressure foam and water cannons as a direct defence against attackers
Barbed wire - electric fences
Rerouting - Some ships take alternative routes that may be longer but are guaranteed to be safer
Lasers - Anti-piracy lasers, for piracy hotspots, eye damaging
Armed Guards - prominent defences that are under the protection of higher powers like the UN
Gulf of Guinea has occasional alerts of piracy
The Panama Canal was recently made deeper to accommodate the larger 'super tankers'
Gulf of Aden
SE Asia - oil stealing in 2015 - $% billion alone
Piracy issues on average globally coast between $10 & $20 billion
Chokepoints
Strait of Malacca - channel passing through Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysian Islands
Strait of Hormuz - Persian Gulf, runs into the Indian Ocean via the Arabia Sea, exports from Qatar, Bahrain, Iran and Oman
Suez Canal - passage from the Mediterranean sea through the Red Sea and into the very west of the Indian Ocean
Panama Canal - Connection of Atlantic ocean to Pacific Ocean via the Panama Canal
Supranational Institutions
UNESCO
United Nations educational, scientific and cultural organisation
NATO
28 members
'Strength in numbers' global organisation of mutual defence agreements
Maritime security via global governance
UN
193 Countries
Prevent conflict/help conflict parties and make peace
peacekeeping in conflicting areas
EU
28 countries
4 main citizens
justice
economic & social progress
Citizenship and freedom
assert Europe's role in the world
G7/G8
Eu's largest economies
Co-ordinated response to common economic challenges
'High seas'
Classified as areas of the Ocean outside the boundary of Maritime laws and agreements, where no nation has jurisdiction or ownership over its area, meaning its either out of bounds to everyone, or freely open to everyone
Laws & agreements to regulate the use of the oceans
EEZ
Exclusive economic zone
Area of water extending 200 nautical miles from the nations or states shoreline
SDG's
Sustainable development goals, set up in 2015 for global progression
Offer additional protection for threatened ocean species
SFG 14 based upon maritime changes
UNCLOS
Vast global treaty covering all aspects of marine management e.g. territorial rights to marine biodiversity
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
CITES
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
Offers additional protection for endangered species, banning trade in threatened species with declining stocks
Oil Spills
UK Supertanker 1967 - 119,000 tonnes of oil
15,000 sea birds died
80km of UK and 120km of French beaches were contaminated
UK's worst environmental disaters
Containerisation
'Supertankers' - carrying 10,000 containers of over 100,000 tonnes
Sea trade to be more efficient and cheaper than alternatives
Felixstone - East Anglear & London Docklands
2.2.8 - Sovereignty of ocean resources
Geopolitical tensions including the contested ownership of islands and surrounding sea beds and attempts to establish ownership of Arctic Ocean resources
Arctic Ocean geopolitical tension
The Arctic Ocean holds potential for unproven reserves of fossil fuels and minerals, that could provide countries with economic benefits
Inuwi's Indigenous tribes may be affected - Canada Islands
Canada Forests within the Arctic circle could produce $40 billion in timber per year
Highly militarised area due to suspicious acts from Russian bases - UN concerned, USA patrolling this issue
Russia, USA, Canada, Greenland (Denmark) and others want to extend their EEZ to 350 nm's into the Arctic circle for further exploitation that they can afford
Ermerging region for unpredictable geopolitical tensions
30% of the worlds untapped natural gas / 13% of the worlds oil
Melting of ice revealing previously inaccessible areas - new trading rotes across the Arctic ocean
South China Sea geopolitical tension
China using 'hard power' to illegally extend its EEZ by falsifying its legal territory
Blocking fishing rights among its neighbouring countries that share the South China Sea - Philippines, Vietnam, Brunei. Malaysia & Taiwan
Breaks its international maritime jurisdiction - UNCLOS intervene - USA monitoring warships in 2020 to maintain EEZ equality - Rivalry global powers
China extending its EEZ gives it grater fishing rights within the already very competitive area, claimed by land area territory - EEZ expands fom there
The collective group involved and dependent on the SCS are LIC's MIC's and the HIC
Contested areas include the Sparty Islands in the south, two archipelagos, the Paracel Islands in NW, and the isolated Pratas Islands in the NE
Islands as a source of geopolitical tension
ABNJ - area beyond national jurisdiction - high seas
Injustices arising from unequal access to ocean resources, including the geographical consequences for poor landlocked countries and indigenous people in some coastal locations
Bristol Bay Alaska - Cook Inlet port - plans to build on the south coastline where the Yup'ik indigenous people live
An example of an indigenous coastal population who have been treated unjustly in relation to ocean use
However
This new port will support sustainable fisheries worth over $2 billion and produce approximately 15,000 jobs
The port is being built under the terms that the recognisable value of the ecosystem is maintained and kept intact, as its critical that the wildlife is kept safe alongside the people
Indigenous people today are arguably among the most disadvantaged and vulnerable groups of people in the world. The expansion of urbanisation, industrialisation, mechanisation and modernisation has deprived Indigenous tribes of their normal lifestyle as the rest of world naturally disrupts the ecosystem and environment.
Landlocked countries
On average, have 40% lower GDP than non-landlocked countries
Not true for all landlocked nations - Switzerland is rich
Lack of access to fishing, food, mineral, fuel, transportation, naval power
Landlocked countries pay up to 30% more on transport costs
44 landlocked countries - 15 in the lowest ranks of HDI
Rely on 'transit states'
Distribution and ownership of major ocean resources including minerals and fossil fuels, including the establishment and reproduction of territorial limits (EEZ) and sovereign rights that benefit some states not others
Mineral resources
Oceans are rich with placer deposits which are easily recovered and relatively cheap to extract
Placer deposits originate on land and have been transported via rivers into estuaries into the seas
E.g. Diamonds off the southern and western coasts of South Africa
E.g. deposits of tin, titanium and gold have been found along the shoes of Alaska and some South American States
Common minerals
Iron, Copper, Zinc and Gold
Present in sulphur-rich mud and ores situation on the ocean-floor near black smokers at submarine plate boundaries
Located along the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge & black smoker production in the SW of pacififc
Manganese nodules
Results of several chemical elements with occurring reactions in the seawater
Largest manganese nodule exploitation across the eastern Pacific Ocean, due to the concentration as it's linked with hydrothermal activity near the East Pacific Rise
I.S.A - International Seabed Authority
Created laws and agreements on the use of the Ocean seabed in there EEZ and territorial waters
Some nations on the continental shelf have argued that they deserve greater compensation - expansion of their territory - Argentina, Australia, Canada, India, Madagascar
2.2.9 - Managing marine environments
Ecosystem - area of animals and plants with a particular climate
Interconnected cycle of plants and animals in a given climatic area
Limiting factors - sunlight, carbon dioxide, precipitation ...
Global Commons
High seas - 64% ANBJ
Areas outside of any countries sovereign states ownership
Space
Atmosphere
Antarctica
'Tragedy of the Commons'
unsustainable use of the land
Issue of over-expoitation
Managing marine environments for the 'common good'
All oceans are connected
Great Ocean Conveyor
Thermohaline circulation around the world
Biogeochemical diversity
Salt water - containing various elements such as carbon
Number of various organisms
Sea bed of hugely varied morphology
Marine protected areas
The 'high seas' areas of ocean open to use by all nations
Making them vulnerable to exploitation
MPA's are not in the high seas, but in the areas near coasts
Costa Rica Dome
In Pacific ocean is a system in which strong winds force ocean currents to move nutrient-rich waters up from depth to just below the surface
Kuznets Curve
Pre-industrial economies / Industrial Economies - turning point / Post industrial (service sector based economy)
Causes of over-exploitation
A growth in 'coastalisation' movement of people to coastal areas
3 billion people live within 100km of the coast
A global increase in the worlds total population
Two thirds of our largest cities are within 60km of the sea
Middle class consumption status
Increase in technology - especially long line fishing vessels and increase in size of trawlers and their nets
Fishing limits that have exceeded scientific advice e.g. Blue Fin Tuna
Eu fish 3 times advised 10,000 tonnes per year, actual global figures are predicated that some nations are 6 times over the limit
EU subsidies have incentivised overfishing
Consequences of over-exploitation
As incomes rise in LIC's and LDC's and people gain wealth - there is a shift from subsistence farming and fishing to a protein rich diet which puts greater strain on the 'global commons'
1.2 billion people rely on fish as their main source of protein - loss of this food supply and subsequent risk of malnourishment
Collapse of food of food chains as by-catch is often the primary produces and consumers
Increase in endangered species
As size of vessels, long lines and trawlers have increased catch-size
2.2.7 - Global governance of the shipping & sea cables
ICPC - International Cable Protection Committee
Sea Floor Cables
99% by which all internet traffic is diverted via the sea cables
Highest demand for internet cable connections, with greatest amount of already standing cables
USA & Europe
Asia to USA
Risks to sea floor cables and data networks
Physical
Underwater earthquake can break and displace sea calbes
Tsunamis can dislodge them from the sea floor
Hurricanes/Cyclones/Typhoons
Sharks - can bite/chew on cable connections
Human
Anchors - 25% responable for cable damage
Fishing trawlers - east Asia issues
2.2.10 - Managing ocean pollution
