Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Adriano Summer revision, English, Maths revision - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Puellae
      - Puella
      - Puellam
      - Puella
      - Puella
      - Puella
      - Puellis
      - Puellae
      - Puellis
      - Puellas
      - Puellae
      - Puellarum
    - - Dominum
      - Domine
      - Dominus
      - Domini
- - - - Why it flooded ?
        
        Heavy localised rainfall - 89 mm of rain fell in an hour. Saturated ground from previous rainfall. Topography of the land. The landscape upstream of Boscastle, a steep-sided valley, acted as a funnel directing vast volumes of water into the village. Boscaslte had 2-3 months worth of rainfall in about 1-2 hours, additionally the ground was already saturated which caused the water to not go into the ground.
      - What has Boscastle done to prevent flooding in the future
        
        £4.5 million has been spent on a flood defence scheme. The scheme stretches along the valley, incorporating drainage, sewage systems and land regarding. Boscastle car park has been raised in height, which will stop the river from bursting its banks so easilyNew drains allow water to run into the lower section of the river quickly. The river channel has been made deeper and wider so that it can accommodate more water without bursting
      - Boscastle flooding in numbers
        
        2 million tonnes (440m gallons) of rainwater flows through Boscastle in one day. At the height of the incident, 6,350 cubic feet (180 cubic metres) of
        water were flowing down the River Valency every second. Fifty eight properties were flooded with four destroyed. A total of 150 vehicles were swept away. Eighty-four cars were later recovered from
        Boscastle harbour, but more than 30 were swept out to sea. Seven rescue helicopters winched about 100 people to safety. Some 1,850 tonnes (150 lorry loads) of flood debris were removed by the Environment Agency following the floods. £10m spent on flood defences.
    - - What has Bangladesh done to
        cope with flooding ?
        
        Bangladesh is a very poor country and so has less money to spend on flood defences than richer countries. Most people in Bangladesh do not earn enough to pay for insurance against flooding, so when there are floods they risk losing everything.
      - Short - term responses to the flooding
        
        Food aid from the Government and other countries. Water purification tablets .People repaired embankments and helped to rescue people
        Free seeds given to farmers
      - Why it flooded ?
        
        Bangladesh's annual monsoon started with unusually heavy rain, intensified by a storm from the Bay of Bengal on June 9-10, 2007. By June 11, more than one-third of the southeastern coastal city of Chittagong was under water, reported the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. There was a huge amount of rivers that flow through Bangladesh. Also, the Himalars are to the right of Bangladesh, this caused it because of the amount of ice being melted and it would flow down into the rivers causing them to flood because they would raise the water level due to the ice melting.
      - Long - term responses to the flooding
        
        Building embankments.Building raised flood shelters Introducing flood warning systems Emergency planning Dams planned Reduced deforestation Unfortunately, many of these long - term responses are difficult to pay for and maintain. They are not always successful and don’t always help enough people.
    - - Immediate effects:
        
        Earthquake damage, buildings destroyed. Tsunami wave causing flooding. Fukushima nuclear power plant damaged, leaking nuclear radioactive waste. 11 hospitals destroyed / 3 more damaged. More than 18,000 people killed. 4.4 million without power. 1.5 million without water
      - Long term effects:
        
        100,000 seabirds killed. 1 year later radioactive waste was still leaking from the powerplant. Due to power station being damaged there was a lack of power to homesTsunami displaced 340,000 people. 2 years later they were still living in temporary
        shelters and housing
      - Causes
        
        Japan is on a Destructive plate boundary. The Pacific Oceanic plate was pushed under the Eurasian continental plate. The two plates jolted and set off a magnitude 9 earthquake. Japan is an MEDC, more economically developed country, and is a very developed country.
      - Economical factors:
        
        In Japan, the event resulted in the total destruction of more than 123,000 houses and damage to almost a million more.Ninety-eight percent of the damage was attributed to the tsunami. The costs resulting from the earthquake and tsunami in Japan alone were estimated at $220 billion USD. The damage makes the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami the most expensive natural disaster in history. This has affected Japan's economy because they have had to spend so much on repairs and helping others affected by it.
      - Environmental factors:
        
        The land moved a lot because of the earthquake moving and shaking the land. According to the U.S. According to the Geological Survey, the earthquake moved Japan's main island of Honshu eastward by 2.4 metres (8 feet) and dropped about 400 kilometres (250 miles) of coastline by 0.6 metres (2 feet). The earthquake shifted the planet's axis by about 17 centimetres (6.5 inches),and may have moved the main island by about 2.4 metres (8 feet). Like other similarly large earthquakes, it also changed the rotation speed of the Earth.
    - - Causes
        
        On the 12 January 2010 a magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck Haiti. The earthquake occured on a conservative (sliding) boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates. The focus was only 12.87km deep and the epicenter was just 25.75km from the Capital City Port-au-Prince.
      - Immediate effects
        
        220,000 people were killed. 300,000 people were injured. The main port was badly damaged. 8 hospitals were destroyed. 100,000 houses were collapsed and 200,00 were damaged. 1.3 million people because homeless
      - Long term effects
        
        2 million people were left without food and water. Frequent power cuts occured. Crime increased - looting became a problem. People moved into temporary shelters. By November 2010 there were outbreaks of Cholera. By 2013 6% of the population had
        been affected and over 8,000 people died because of it.
      - Responses short term
        
        Crucial aid was slow to arrive due to the damaged port. USA sent rescue teams and 10,000 troops. Bottled water an purification tablets were provided. 235,000 people were moved to less damaged cities away from Port-au-Prince. The UK government donated £20 million
      - Responses long term
        
        Haiti was dependent on overseas aid / money. They are rebuilding but it is very slow and high costs. New homes were built however, a year later over 1 million people were still living in temporary shelters. Many people remain dependant on help and money from charities
  - - - Green field land can be unfenced open fields, urban lots or restricted closed properties. They are kept off limits to the general public by a private or government entity.
        Greenfield sites offer a high degree of freedom for a developer, compared to sites with existing developments.
      - For example, a greenfield site is a welcome opportunity for a cable operator to choose equipment based on cost and aesthetic parameters, without considering migration issues related to legacy used in this site
      - Green field sited is referring to undeveloped land in an urban or rural area either used for agriculture or landscape design, or left to evolve naturally. These areas of land are usually agricultural or amenity properties being considered for urban development.
    - - A brown field site is a field that originally had some factories on it but then it was used for homes or for parks
      - An example of a brown field site is Elizabeth park in London.
        
        It was originally a place full of old and unused factories but when the 2012 Olimpics where hosted in London that brown field site became homage for the athletes and also had practise swimming pools or biking tracks.
        
        Later on it became a home for migrants
- - - - At a young age he was sent to rule Ireland but failed
      - John was the fourth son
      - He was not educated to become the King
      - His dad gave him no land
    - - He signed the Magna carta because the nobles were about to attack his army but John did not want to fight so he accepted to sign the magna carta
      - Adding on his mother was well known and loved but when she died John did not have her help any more
      - The nobles were attaking him because he lost the Angevain Empire
        
        After signing a peace traty with France the only city that the British still had of France was Calais
        
        The French King attacked John because he married a young lady who should of married another noble. This noble told the French King and at that point the French King attacked
        
        The Angevein empire were the French territories that the British had invaded in three generations. John lost it in 12 years.
      - John signed the magna carta which has many rules that are still used today
  - - - The French and Spanish were not well trained and would shoot way less cannon balls than the British
      - The English had 27 ships
      - Reasons for the battle
        
        If Nelson won the British would of had control of the seas and would have a much bigger fleet than the French
        
        It would of increased British morale, to know that the great Napoleon had been beaten
        
        Nelson had to stop Napoleon's fleet from reaching the English channel as if he reached it he would invade England
      - The French/Spanish had 33 ships
      - Ever three cannon balls that the British shot the French would shoot two and the Spanish would shoot one
      - The End and the consequenses
        
        Napoleon's plan of Invading England failed
        
        Napoleon was defeated on the sea but he still controlled most of Europe
        
        The war would continue for other 10 years
        
        Napoleon was finally beaten by the Duke of Wellington at the battle of Waterloo 1815
        
        British morale had risen a lot as they now knew that Napoleon could not invade England any more
        
        In the End the British won but Nelson died which meant that one of the greatest Naval leaders in history died
        
        England had the greatest fleet in the world and would continue to dominate the seas for the next hundred years
      - The battle happened the 21 of October in 1805
      - The two fleets had to wait six hours before they actually fought the battle
      - The English were the best trained men with ships
    - - He was born the 29 of September in 1758
      - His dad made shoes but he wanted to be in the Navy
      - His uncle was a captain in the Navy so he went on his ship
      - He started his career as a mid-ship and progressed until becoming admiral. praticly he from the lowest rank went to the highest rank
      - He died the 21 of October in 1805
    - - He first used this tactic at the battle of Saint Vincent
      - It was realy risky but it would of won the battle instead of the battle being unconclused as they were usualy before the Nelson touch
      - Nelson did not attack ships from side to side, he attacked them from the front and then would go imbetween two ships and fire all of his cannons against the other ship
    - - The HMS Victory collided with another ship
      - A marine from the french crowsnest hit Nelson in the right shoulder
      - The bullet bounced off the scapula and went to hit his lungs
      - The surgeon said that he could not do anything
      - Nelson survived till the end of the battle
      - His last words were "Thank God I have done my duty"
      - He died the 21 of October in 1805
      - Others think that his last words were "kiss me Harvy"
  - - - Canals
        
        One boat could carry up to 40 tonnes
        
        Positives: could go eavrywere even slightly up hill
        
        Negatives: Expencive and slow to build
        
        Canals were the answer
        
        The bridge water canal
        
        It was made to bring coal from Duke of Brigwater's
        coal mine to Manchester
        
        First cnal in Engeland
        
        Designed by James Bridly
        
        built over 400 miles of canals
        
        Great fame
        
        Halted his transport costs
        
        Sea roots were too long and many rivers were too shallow
        
        Trains could transport much more goods than boats and they could also bring them quicker
        
        Roads could not handle such a weight and it would be too expencive.
        
        Canals were not used for too much time because railways came in action
        
        Growing industries needed to moove heavy goods.
      - Railways
        
        This train could cary up to 1000 passengers a day. The leading train was called the 'Rocket'.
        
        George Stephenson’s Rocket won the 1829 trials to find the fastest locomotive for the Liverpool-Manchester Railway.
        
        In 1829, George and his son Robert built the first major railway line. The line ran from Manchester to Liverpool
        
        THe first intercity rail openes, connecting Liverpool to Manchester in Engeland. .
        
        In 1825, the first railway ever built was between Stockton and Darlington. It was built by Geaorge Stephenson
        
        The introduction of the Liverpool to Manchester train line was iimportant because for the first time people were able to commute to work.
        
        Railways ensured that goods could travel quickly and safely
        
        There was a disadvantage to this new service. It was very expencive.
        
        English politician Willia Huskisson becomes the first person to be killed by a passenger train when he is run over by Stephenson Rocket at the opening event
        
        There were two classes the first class and the second class. The first class was for very posh people the second class was for normal people
        
        Therefore the government introduced the 1844 railway act. Train companies were forced to have a third class at the end of the train
      - Roads
        
        The government said that if you builded a road then you could make people pay to pass on that road
        
        All of the roads in England had to be payed if you passed them.
        
        There was a need for roads because people needed to arrive to cities
        
        Builders were employed to build roads
        
        Before 1750 there were no new roads, the newest roads were builded 1500 years ago by the Romans
        
        Poor people hated this new law because they would get even poorer
        
        People had not builded a road from 1500 years so people that were specialised in building roads were employed in a lot of places
        
        One of the most famous road makers was John Mac Adam. The word tarmac comes from his name.
        
        Transports were much quicker after the new roads were builded
        
        In 1784 the first Royal Mail ran between London and Bristol.
        
        Journeys were a lot quicker. For example from London to Edinburgh it took 10 days, after the new roads were built it took 2 day
        
        Some people did not like the new roads as roads costed to walk on. In
        South Wales some men dressed as women and destroyed some roads.
    - - Disadvantages
        
        Appealing public health for working class
        
        pollution of industrialised towns and cities
        
        unprotected child labour & poor working conditions
        
        Machines replacing people (loss of jobs)
        
        Growth of slum houses around factories
        
        Long hours of work driven in factories.
      - Advantages
        
        Better cheaper transports
        
        Britan's wealth increased vastly
        
        Cheaper goods e.g cotton
        
        Growth of industry e.g Iron and textiles
        
        More goods available to people
    - - The Industrial Revolution did not only expand business but it also gave more jobs to people as there were now people that produced, worked on and with the machines.
      - The nature of work in the new urban industries also had significant social impact. .
      - It was called the Industrial Revolution because it transformed economies that had been based on agriculture and handicrafts into economies based on large-scale industry.
      - With the coming of factory-based industry, the coal-fired steam engine and other machinery set a new, faster pace for labour.
      - The Industrial Revolution happened between 1760 to about 1880. The Industrial Revolution was when a new manufacturing process was used in Europe and America.
      - In the factories, coal mines, and other workplaces, the hours were very long, and the conditions, generally, dismal and dangerous.
    - - Public health
        
        Jhon Snow
        
        After 30 years another scientist proved Snows thery.
        
        he solved the collera problem
        
        He did a lot of reasearch to proove that his theory.
        
        He camed that dirty water was the cause of collera
        
        he proved MIASMA wrong.
        
        When there was this collera outbreak he discovered that they had all drunk from the same water fountain.
        
        Edwin Chadwick
        
        Chadwik concluded that improving the conditions of the poor would work better
        
        He decided to introduce suers clean water.
        
        He belaeved in MIASMA so he decided to throw all human waste in the Thems.
        
        After a few months the goverment accepted his plan
        
        Innitially the government did not accept to change all of those conditions because it costed a lot of money needed to do this.
        
        After many years when Jhon Snow unproved MIASMA Chadwik refused to beleve that he was wrong.
        
        He discoveres that cleaner cities would stop colera
        
        Chadwik was a civil servant and he was told to understand why the poor died.
        
        In the end he made the situation worste but he had now introduced better living conditions for the poor
        
        Living in the Industrial revolution
        
        Fifferent families had to use the same bath water to wash themself
        
        Many diseseases spread in as the higene was not as today
        
        Different families hed to live together to aford the houses.
        
        Diseases like Collera started to spread in houses, town and cities.
        
        Prices for a house became unafordable.
        
        Water was usualy dirty and would of caused ilness.
        
        Cities became very crouded and dirty during the industrial revolution because people had to be near the factories.
        
        People at that time thought that disease spread with bad smells.
        
        The higine in houses was very unhealfy.
        
        The average life expectancy was 18 years old
    - - Coal mining
        
        This point is when we started to ruin our climate
        
        Children also worked in mines.
        
        Coal started the industrial revolution
        
        England was one of the first ones to have the industrial revolution because they have coal near the surface
        
        Wood was the main fuel but it was running out
        
        Coal was much more efficient then wood. It produced three times more heat energy then wood.
        
        The conditions of working in the mines was horrible. It was cramped, there were explosions.
        
        Coal can be easily dug up and as a result over one thousand of coal mines are created
        
        As mines became deeper, water was needed to be extracted. This lead to the invention of the steam pump
        
        Masses of coal were sent to big cities like London,Liverpool and Manchester
    - - Key industries
        
        cotton
        
        1769-Richard Arkwright, improved the 'spinning jenny' using waterwheel. Later on steam power.
        
        By 1850 there were more than 2000 cotton factories in Britain
        
        1764-James Heardgraves, invented the 'spinning jenny'
        
        This drown down the price of cotton dramatically. Ordinary people could now afford cotton.
        
        1733-John Kay. Invented a wavering machine called the 'flying shuttle'.
        
        Most of the cotton factories known as 'mills' were in North-West near the port of Liverpool (where the cotton arrived from America)
        
        The invention of machines means can be produced quicker and cheaper.
        
        Price of a length of cotton
        1770=£2.00 (£334 modern estimate)
        1815=60p (£49)
        1860=25p (£28)
        
        The raw cotton then had to be spun and woven. At first, this was a long and expensive process.
        
        Raw cotton was grown in America,India and Egypt. It was shipped to England and created into cloth
        
        Before 1750 cloths were made at home (using wool)
        
        Steam
        
        James Watt made a critical improvement in 1764, by removing spent steam to a separate vessel for condensation, greatly improving the amount of work obtained per unit of fuel consumed.
        
        By the 19th century, stationary steam engines powered the factories of the Industrial Revolution. Steam engines replaced sails for ships on paddle steamers, and steam locomotives operated on the railways.
        
        This pushing force can be transformed, by a connecting rod and crank, into rotational force for work
        
        Newcomen's design used some elements of earlier concepts. Like the Savery design, Newcomen's engine used steam, cooled with water, to create a vacuum.
        
        The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a piston back and forth inside a cylinder.
        
        Unlike Savery's pump, however, Newcomer used the vacuum to pull on a piston instead of pulling on water directly.
        
        A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.
        
        The first commercially successful engine that could transmit continuous power to a machine was developed in 1712 by Thomas Newcomen.
        
        Thomas Savery is considered the inventor of the first commercially used steam powered device,
        
        At the beginning of the industrial revolution people heated their houses with coal
        
        The upper end of the cylinder was open to the atmospheric pressure, and when the vacuum formed, the atmospheric pressure above the piston pushed it down into the cylinder.
        
        The piston was lubricated and sealed by a trickle of water from the same cistern that supplied the cooling water.
        
        Further, to improve the cooling effect, he sprayed water directly into the cylinder.
        
        iron
        
        The iron industry was vitally important in the development of other industries.
        
        Iron was needed to make machines, railways etc.
        
        Traditionally iron was made through smelting iron ore (obtained from the ground). This produced 'pig 'iron' which was not very strong.
        
        Another problem was that charcoal was very expensive to produce, making the iron expensive too. Coal could not be used due to the its impurity.
        
        In 1707, Abraham Darby found a way to use purified coal to smelt iron. This method was highly succesfull.
        
        In 1784 Henry Cort invented 'puddling' to produce 'wrought' iron. This was much easier to shape/work that cast iron. This made it highly popular during the industrial revolution
        
        Bar iron was the commodity form of iron used as the raw material for making hardware goods such as nails, wire, hinges, horseshoes, wagon tires, chains, etc., as well as structural shapes.
        
        A small amount of bar iron was converted into steel. Cast iron was used for pots, stoves, and other items where its brittleness was tolerable.
        
        Bar iron was also made by the bloomery process, which was the predominant iron smelting process until the late 18th century.
        
        Cast iron was used for pots, stoves, and other items where its brittleness was tolerable.
    - - Advantages and disadvantages of the industrial revolution
        
        Advantages
        
        new resources used
        
        iron improved and now can be used for building.
        
        New inventions
        
        new transport links created. e.g canals, railways
        
        roads are improved.
        
        Growth of industry
        
        New laws made on living conditions
        
        wealth of countries improves
        
        people were acctually payed money
        
        start of travel
        
        more goods avelable to people
        
        cheaper goods. e.g cotton
        
        cheaper transports
        
        medical improvement
        
        Disadvantages
        
        children did not get educated for the beggining of the industrial revolution.
        
        Appealing higine.
        
        Women and children have to work in factories for the beggining of the industrial revolution.
        
        working conditions in mines were not very good.
        
        Living conditions become worste for the poor
        
        people had to live in slum houses.
        
        machenes take place off people (loss of jobs).
        
        start of climate change.
        
        lowered life expectancy (the life expectancy was 18 years old).
- - - - 4 rules
        
        Substraction
        
        Step By Step
        
        Subtracting Larger Whole Numbers by Borrowing
        
        Subtracting Small Whole Numbers
        
        Subtracting Decimals
        
        Subtracting Fractions
        
        Subtracting a Fraction from a Whole Number
        
        Subtracting with Fractions
        
        Multiply both the numerator and denominator to get like denominators.
        
        Make equivalent fractions for all of the fractions in the equation.
        
        Subtract the numerators and keep the denominator the same
        
        Subtracting with Mixed numbers
        
        Convert the improper fraction into a Top heavy fraction and do the steps for a normal fraction
        
        Addition
        
        Count the next column.Repeat this 4th step until finished
        
        Carry the tens from the ones sum into the column of your problem.
        
        Add the ones column first.
        
        Write out your problem vertically.
        
        Adding Fractions
        
        make the denominators the same
        
        Then and the numerators and keep the denominators the same
        
        Multiplication
        
        Write the larger number above the smaller number.
        
        Multiply the number in the ones place of the bottom number by the number in the ones place of the top number.
        
        Multiply the number in the ones place of the bottom number by the number in the tens place of the top number.
        
        Multiply the number in the ones place of the bottom number by the number in the hundreds place of the top number
        
        Draw a 0 in the ones column below the first product
        
        Multiply the number in the tens place of the bottom number by the number in ones place of the top number.
        
        Multiply the number in the tens place of the bottom number by the number in hundreds place of the top number.
        
        Add the products up and you will get your answer
        
        Division
        
        First write out a Bus stop
        
        Divide your divisor into the first digit of the dividend.
        
        3.Divide the divisor into the remainder and second dividend digit.
        
        4.Repeat the process until you’ve gone through the entire dividend.
        
        Dividing with fractions
        
        Write the equation so the 2 fractions are side-by-side.
        
        Change the division sign to a multiplication sign.
        
        Reverse the numerator and denominator of the second fraction.
        
        Multiply the numerators of the fractions
        
        Multiply the denominators of the fractions in the same way
        
        Place the product of the numerators over the product of the denominators.
      - Fraction/Decimals/Percentages
        
        Decimals to Percentages
        
        Multiply the decimal by 100 to change it to a percent.
        
        Decimals to Fractions
        
        Move the decimal point as many places to the right as you have decimals. This number is now the numerator of the fraction. The denominator is a 1 with as many zeros as you had decimals in the original number. Simplify the fraction at the end.
        
        Fraction to Decimals
        
        Divide the numerator by the denominator to change the fraction to a decimal.
        
        Fraction to Percentage
        
        Divide the numerator by the denominator to change the fraction to a decimal.
        
        Percentages to Decimals
        
        Move the decimal point two places to the left to convert a percent to a decimal.
        
        Percentage to Fraction
        
        Express the percent as a fraction of 100 and then simplify
    - - Ratio and proportion