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Types of Hormonal and Metabolic Dysfunction - Coggle Diagram
Types of Hormonal and Metabolic Dysfunction
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Source
Hypothalamus-posterior pituitary
Controls fluid balance by regulating water reabsorption
Too much secretion
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion
Clinical manifestations
Anorexia
Headache
Nausea and vomiting
Irritability
Weakness
Muscle cramps
Disorientation
Diagnostic criteria
Decrease urine volume
Highly concentrated urine with high Na content
Hypotonicity
Absence of renal, adrenal, or thyroid abnormalities
Hyponatremia
Treatment
Mild hyponatremia
Fluid restriction
Severe hyponatremia
IV hyper/isotonic saline
Remove the cause (tumor) If able
Too little secretion
Diabetes Insipidus
Diagnostic criteria
Urine specific gravity 1.005 or less
Urine osmolality < 200 mOsm/kg
Treatment
IV hydration
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
Clinical manifestations
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Dehydration
Thyroid Hormone (TH): T3 and T4
Source
Thyroid gland
Increases metabolic rate
Too much TSH
Hyperthyroidism
Diagnostic criteria
serum TSH level
Elevated T4
Elevated T3
serum-free thyroxine
Increased uptake of radioactive Iodine
Treatment
Reduction of TH
Gland destruction
Radioactive Iodine
Medication
Removal of gland
Clinical manifestations
Excessive metabolic rate
Agitation, restlessness, sweating, heat Intolerance, diarrhea, tachycardia, palpitations, tremors, fine hair, oily skin, Irregular menstrual cycle, goiter, exophthalmos
Weight loss
Graves disease (most common cause)
Too little TSH
Hypothyroidism
Diagnostic criteria
Lab studies
Sensitive TSH assay, free T4, total T4, and T3 uptake, thyroid autoantibodies, antithyroglobulin
Serum TH decreased, and TSH elevated
Treatment
Lifelong thyroid replacement therapy
Levothyroxine (synthetic T4)
Clinical manifestations
Cold Intolerance, weight gain, dry skin, course hair, constipation, lethargy, Impaired reproduction, impaired memory, and myxedema
Fatigue
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Source
Anterior Pituitary
Stimulates release of hormones from adrenal cortex (primarily aldosterone and cortisol)
Too much Cortisol
Cushing Syndrome
Diagnostic criteria
24-hour urine collection
Imaging studies
Locate tumors secreting excess ACTH or cortisol
Treatment
Remove tumor
Surgery or radiation
Corticosteroid medication
Clinical manifestations
Obesity of the trunk, face, and upper back
Muscle wasting, osteoporosis, thin and atrophic skin
Suppression of Inflammatory and Immune responses
Increased Infection, skin ulcerations, and poor wound healing
Glucose intolerance
Behavioral changes
Too little Cortisol
Addison's Disease
Diagnostic criteria
Lab studies
Hyperkalemia
Decreased serum corticosteroid level
Treatment
Isotonic IV fluid
IV Hydrocortisone, then lifelong oral glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid hormone replacement therapy
Clinical manifestations
Areas of darkened skin, low BP, muscle and joint pain, sparse axillary and pubic hair In women