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INGLESE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Plantation in rows: max sunlight, air flow, operations
      - Direction: slopes,space, clymate,cv, exposition (cardinal poits)
      - Space between rows: work confort, effienciety of the machinery, meldew on leevs, climate (temperature, wind, humidity)
      - Soil: NOT wet (rotts' problmes) NOT much fertyle (much vigoursly)
  - - - By hands / By machinery (often bee too tough) = at the winery: winemakers will sort the grape bunches and culling out rotten or under-ripe fruits
    - - Ensure a clean wine, make it look more attractive, preserve the flavour for more time
    - - whole clusters are crushed mechanically = must
        
        Cleaner condition + improved quality and longevity of wine, reduce needs of preservaties like soulfure dioxine (somethimes winemakers start the fermentation with whole grape clusters)
        
        WHITE WINE: separet skins + seed and juice
        
        RED WINE: must = juice + skins and seeds (skins give the colour)
    - - Natural process encreased by humans with yeast
        
        In contact with must they convert sugars in alchol and carbon dioxine, can require from 10 day to some months
- - - - Raising for: milk; milked twice a day or they go dry, the milk is used alone or processed. Breeds are: ayshire, brown swiss, guernsey,holstein, jersey... The froms: triangular shape, the back line is croocked, prominents hip and tail bones, legs thin and poorly fleshed, long and thin neck
    - - Raising for: beef (for be slaughtered); calf's beef (under 1 year) or from 2 years olf cattle. Products: meat for beef, hide for leather, hoofs for glue, bones for fertilizing. Breeds: angus, hurford, limousine,kobe or italain whites... Forms: square shapes,full over the backs and loins, straight, hips covered, legs full and thick, neck full and short
  - - - Intesive livestock farming and factory farming
        
        BREEDING LARGE NUMBERS OF ANIMALS = CAFO system (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation), no green pastures, economical advantagies, negative effects on animals health, environmental problems
        
        FEEDS = corn and soy (high protein content + silage = more prodution and faster), cheaper , problem on grain based diets: rumen acidity + phatogens) can kill the cattle
        
        CHENESTRY = chem. additives in feeds may accumulate in animal tissues. Exposing consumers to anwanted chemicals, vet drugs, hormonnes, heavy metals
  - - - More and High-quality food
      - Associate with modernations, moral progress and humanism
    - - Place where animals are well provide but also stimulated
    - - 1) Breeding: quality of products, genetically selection, stressfull for animals who live in pain with little possibility of move
      - 2) Raising: alone and confined, max productivity and profits, no natural behavour or social interaction
      - 3) Transport: trasported to be slaughtered, stressfull (max 8 hours)
      - 4) Sloughtered: humane metods (every hour 1M chickens, 14k pigs, 4k cows in USA)
- - - - Every day
      - 33-40 kg, 600 L milk
      - Skimmed milk of the night before + whole milk of the day = into the bell-shape copper calderouns. Calf rennet + fermented whey are added (10 minutes) = milk coagoulation in courd
        
        Curd is broken with SPINO in granules, then is coocked for 30' at 55°C in order to sink to the bottom a sigle mass and wrapped in a mould then cutted in 2 twins
        
        Every wheel has a casein plate with a numeric code (ID card) + marking band (month + year + chees dairy house number + DOP ). Is imersed in a salt solution. Close prodution cycle, open ageing cycle: maturation in 12 monthe, then examined by consortium.
        
        Wheel examineatd one-by-one then firebrended or unwrapped (the iscriptions are removed).
  - - - TO CHURNING CREAM SEPARETED FROM BUTTERMILK: 1) Cream separated from milk; 2) Pastoeuraised at 95°C; 3) Ageing 12-14 h with cristalization by cold butterfats globules; 4) Cream pumped in churn; 5) Draining, wahsed, salted; 6) Shaped
      - Very caloric, 82% fats and 16% water, healty balanced diet
  - - - 3) Coagulation: added rennet (enzymes) that cause caseine coagulation. 4) Cutting curd: expel liquid and whey, the smaller the curd is cut, the harder chees will be; can follow coocking
        
        5) Salting: preservative in ageing, help the rind, can be added directily or using a brine. 6) Shaping: the wheel is put in a busket taht give the secifick shape. 7) Ripening: matures, Temperature, Humidity
- - - - ADVANTAGES: reduction food costs and production costs, increase in avariability in markets, longer shelf life, less dependence of human labour
      - DISAVANTAGESE: growin concern about I.A., healt hazards, inhumane treatament of human and animals, endless of waste produced, soil and environment resourse exploitation, CO2 and greenhouse gases input
  - - - From the rise of the world's population over the next years
      - Economic developement will lead to an increase in demand of food
      - Achieve global food security
      - Respect the 3 lines
        
        Natural environement DIMENSION: protecting and improving; issues climate change, use of energy and water, soil degradation; save biodiversity
        
        Economic DIMENSION: efficient and competitive
        
        Social DIMENSION: cover labour rights; guarantee food quality; safety and animal walfare
      - Found solutions for agricolture becaouse half of the habitable lands are already used in farming
      - HOW?
        
        CROP ROTATION: mitigate weeds, pest problems, reduce soil erosion, reduce risk of water contamination
        
        PEST CONTROL STRATEGIES: not harmful to natural system and humans
        
        SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION: use of animal and green manures; reduce use of chemical products
  - - - COMPOST: create nutrient-rich soils and no need to chemical feritlyzers; COVER CROPS: protect the soils and mantain their structure, mantain the organic matter and control weeds; GREEN MANURES: ploughded thogheder with the soile, increasing organic matter and benefits about pests; CROP ROTATION: No monocrops, alternation of three or more crops in same number of years
      - Animals: organic management tecnique using in rising livestock, depends on the types of animals and farm