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How does politics influence the establishment of educational (in)equity…
How does politics influence the establishment of educational (in)equity and the priorities of teaching and learning throughout the history of schooling in the United States?
Paulo Freire is regarded as the person who originated critical pedagogy (although there is no agreement on the origins).
"Freire describes three major challenges to the effective implementation of critical pedagogy." (Duncan-Andrade & Morrell, 2008, p. 25)
The Banking Model of Education: teachers plan and impose the content of the curriculum without truly engaging in the a collaborative and equitable environment.
I think this way of teaching still thrives. I wonder what impacts standardized testing has had on teachers who try to challenge the banking model.
False Generosity: attempts to "soften" the power dynamics between the oppressor and the oppressed without challenging the underlying structure of oppression.
The Gary Plan was developed without the input of parents and families. This was an intentional plan to deviate from typical classroom structures to include exploratory aspects of learning. It was criticized for "producing factory workers".
I have to reflect on this and wonder how many large-scale plans are still created today without the parent voice in mind.
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During the early 1900's, the was a rise of intelligence and standardized testing.
1939- Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. This scale is developed by David Wechsler. This is an intelligence test used for children between the ages of 6-16.
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There was a large number of immigrants coming to the USA during the early development of the educational systems. School was "where the American dream was nurtured and the future itself took place."
New York emphasized "English only" in their educational systems and developed books focusing on patriotism and citizenship. Later, other states would adopt "English only" mentalities.
The push for "English only" was an attempt to Americanize students. It was seen as what was best and most important for them. Anyone could come to America with a dream and see it fulfilled, but only if you follow these steps.
I've seen this concepts come up in modern times. I worked with teachers in an English department at a school who felt strongly that students shouldn't speak or write in their native tongues.
The development of the IQ test was later used to gauge where students were intellectually and this was led to perceptions about some races based on how individuals scored.
“For a variety of reasons, schooling conditions were creating a dropout problem for Latinos and Blacks, where nearly 8-in-10 dropped out of high school, assuming viable enrollment in the first place. Schools weren’t ready for them and they weren’t ready for school. With large numbers dropping out, gang warfare rumbled throughout.” (A Noboa-Rios, 93)
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In the early schools for immigrants, the building were dilapidated and inadequate to hold people at safe standards. It was common for teachers and students to get sick.
On January 5, 1931, the principal of Lemon Grove Grammar School, stood at the door of the school and admitted all students except the Mexican Students. These students were directed to a two-room building (referred to as a barnyard).
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"Some children were benefitting more than others, as the systems was not egalitarian, with education remaining stagnant in its advancement toward minority and low-income groups." (A. Noboa-Rios, 105)
Assumed capability in an anglicized-focused culture heavily influenced what was taught to indigenous peoples and other non-white groups.
There's now an understanding of how some of the tests used to gauge these students didn't take their cultures into account and influenced their perceived capabilities.
bell hooks advocates for "engaged pedagogy" that requires teachers to actively commit to their own well-being and serve as living examples of their political beliefs. She critiques mainstream schools for marginalizing poor and working-class students.
If this had been the approach taken for students in this situation, I wonder how difference the data would look.
1947 – Everson v Board of Education- this case ruled that the school boards would reimburse the cost of transportation to and from schools, including private schools. 96% of the private schools were parochial catholic schools.
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Pink: Essential Question Purple: Duncan-Andrade Article
Green: Connection to history
Orange: Noboa-Rios Text Red: Connection to Documentary
Yellow: Reflections
McLaren argued the opposite of this. He argued that educators should challenge the adoption of management-style pedagogies and accountability schemes that undermine teacher' skills.