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CONFLICT - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Individuals
      - Groups
      - Nations
- - - - Control / access
        
        to valuable resources that are limited in quantity
        
        This include
        
        Energy reserves
        
        Water
        
        Mineral
        
        National Securities
  - - - Multiple countries claim sovereignty over a particular
        
        Peace of land
        
        OR Maritime Territory
    - - Historical
      - Cultural
      - Strategic Factors
      - Often involve in
        
        Conflicting narratives
        
        Interpretations of borders
    - - Military confrontations
      - Diplomatic standoffs
        
        Example:
        
        Conflict between
        
        India
        
        Pakistan
        
        Over Regions of Kashmir
  - - - Nations with contrasting
        
        Political
        
        Economic
        
        CLASH & PERSUE
        
        Competing Interest
        
        Social Ideologies
    - - Communism Vs Capitalism
        
        Represent 2 contrasting
        
        economy
        
        Ideologies
        
        Communism Advocate
        
        collective ownership of resources
        
        the absence of social classes
        
        Aiming to create egalitarian society
        
        Capitalism
        
        supports private ownership of resources
        
        encourages free markets and competition
        
        political
        
        Example :Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union
      - US Hegemony VS Global Governance
        
        Revolve around
        
        the balance of power
        
        influence in international relations
        
        US hegemony refers to the dominant role of the United States in shaping
        
        global politics
        
        Economy
        
        Security
        
        Global governance
        
        emphasizes the need for collective decision-making
        
        and cooperation among nations to address global challenges
      - Nazi Ideology VS Saddam Hussein Ideology
        
        NAZI
        
        promoted by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany
        
        espoused racist and nationalist beliefs
        
        promoting Aryan supremacy
        
        the extermination of perceived enemies
        
        Saddam Hussein
        
        , the former dictator of Iraq
        
        had his own ideological beliefs
        
        focused on his personal power and maintaining control over Iraq
        
        Example : Gulf War
        
        where a coalition led by the United States intervened to remove Saddam Hussein from power due to concerns about his aggressive actions and human rights abuses.
      - Democracies VS Non Democracies
        
        Democracies
        
        prioritize
        
        individual freedoms
        
        , human rights
        
        popular participation through elections
        
        non-democracies
        
        can range from authoritarian regimes to theocracies
        
        or military dictatorships
        
        power is concentrated in the hands of a few
- - - - refers to a conflict in which a nation's entire resources, including its economy, industry, and civilian population, are mobilized to support the war effort. In total war, the conflict extends beyond military objectives, aiming to impact and disrupt the enemy's social, economic, and political foundations. The primary goal is the complete defeat and unconditional surrender of the adversary. Notable examples of total war include World War II, where nations fully committed to the war, mobilizing their entire societies and resources
    - - occurs between sovereign states or nations. It involves armed conflict and military operations between two or more recognized national entities. The main characteristic of interstate war is that it is fought between independent political entities rather than internal factions. It may arise due to territorial disputes, power struggles, ideological differences, or competing national interests. Examples of interstate wars include the Gulf War between Iraq and a coalition of nations led by the United States and the United Kingdom
    - - refers to armed conflicts where the participants consciously restrict the scope, objectives, and means of warfare. The use of military force is restrained, usually with the aim of achieving specific limited goals without seeking complete victory or the total destruction of the enemy. Limited wars often involve proportional responses and efforts to avoid escalation. The Korean War, fought with the objective of containing communist expansion, and the Falklands War, centered on the dispute between Argentina and the United Kingdom over the Falkland Islands, are examples of limited wars
    - - Also known as civil war, takes place within the borders of a single country and involves armed conflict between different factions or groups. It typically arises from internal divisions, such as ethnic, political, or religious tensions, and often aims to gain control of the state or territory. Intrastate wars can have complex dynamics with multiple actors and objectives. Examples include the Syrian Civil War and the American Civil War, which pitted different factions within the same nation against each other.
  - - - DOMESTIC
        
        refer to the internal dynamics within a country that contribute to international conflicts. These include social, political, and economic conditions, as well as domestic policies and governance. Domestic-level causes of international conflicts can include grievances arising from inequality, political repression, ethnic tensions, economic disparities, or struggles for power. For example, civil wars or revolutions within a country can spill over into regional conflicts or attract international intervention. The Arab Spring uprisings in various Middle Eastern countries and the subsequent regional conflicts serve as examples of how domestic-level factors can contribute to broader international conflicts.
      - INTERSTATE
        
        refer to the interactions and relationships between different states or nations. Conflicts at the interstate level can arise from territorial disputes, competition for resources, ideological differences, power struggles, or geopolitical rivalries. Interstate-level causes of international conflicts often involve the pursuit of national interests, security concerns, or attempts to assert influence in regional or global affairs. Examples include the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as conflicts arising from territorial disputes, such as the India-Pakistan conflicts over Kashmir. – There are 2 theories that relate to Interstate level. The 1st one is Power transition theory that holds conflicts generate massive wars. And 2nd theory is Deterrence. The theory supposed to stop wars by building powers and threatening its use. But theory of arm race shows this method causes more wars and not preventing it.
      - INDIVIDUAL
        
        conflicts can arise from personal motivations, beliefs, or actions of key decision-makers. Individual-level causes of international conflicts can include factors such as personal ambitions, ideologies, psychological biases, or desire for power or control. Individual leaders or influential figures may shape the course of international relations based on their perceptions and actions. For instance, the actions and decisions of political leaders, such as Adolf Hitler in World War II, or the personal rivalries between leaders, can significantly impact international conflicts.
      - GLOBAL
        
        At the global level, conflicts can be shaped by broader international dynamics, institutions, and power structures. Global-level causes of international conflicts can include issues such as economic disparities, resource competition, ideological clashes, or geopolitical realignments. Factors like globalization, the rise of non-state actors, international norms, and the actions of global powers can all influence international conflicts. For instance, the global impact of the U.S.-led war on terrorism following the September 11 attacks, which led to military engagements in multiple regions, highlights the global-level causes of international conflicts. There are several theories that can relate to Global Level. 1st one is CYCLICAL. It is long economic waves. End of hegemony of US. Maybe 50 years or 100 years. 2nd is LINEAR LONG TERM CHANGE. War conflict lesser due to development information and international norms. War become obsolete as leverage in international conflicts. Too powerful weapon cant be used.
- - - - Diplomacy and Dialogue
        
        first step in conflict resolution
        
        involves
        
        creating channels of communication
        
        fostering trust
        
        facilitating constructive discussions between conflicting parties
      - Mediation and Conflict Resolution Mechanisms
        
        Mediation by impartial third parties can help facilitate negotiations and bridge the gaps between conflicting parties
        
        mediators can be
        
        international organizations
        
        regional bodies
        
        or individual mediators
      - Confidence-Building Measures
        
        help create an atmosphere of trust and goodwill between conflicting parties
        
        can include
        
        ceasefire agreements
        
        prisoner exchanges
        
        humanitarian assistance
        
        joint economic projects
      - Compromise and Win-Win Solutions
        
        involve trade-offs and concessions on certain issues while ensuring that the overall outcome is perceived as fair and beneficial to all sides
      - International Support and Pressure
        
        Engaging
        
        regional and global actors
        
        including neighboring countries
        
        regional organizations
        
        international bodies
        
        Provide
        
        support
        
        resources
        
        guidance
      - Long-term Peacebuilding and Reconciliation
        
        also requires long-term efforts towards peacebuilding and reconciliation
        
        This includes addressing
        
        the root causes of the conflict
        
        promoting inclusive governance
        
        fostering economic development
        
        supporting post-conflict reconstruction
        
        facilitating truth and reconciliation processes
  - - - Negotiation
        
        Negotiation is a process where conflicting parties engage in direct discussions to reach a mutually acceptable agreement
        
        It involves
        
        exchanging proposals
        
        identifying common ground
        
        finding compromises
        
        can be conducted
        
        bilaterally
        
        multilaterally
        
        example of negotiation is the Camp David Accords in 1978, where Israel and Egypt engaged in negotiations mediated by the United States to reach a peace agreement
      - Good Offices
        
        refer to diplomatic efforts by a neutral third party to facilitate dialogue and communication between conflicting parties
        
        The third party, such as a mediator or a respected international figure, offers its assistance to create a conducive environment for negotiations
        
        The goal is to build trust and encourage the parties to engage in meaningful discussions
        
        example of good offices is the Oslo Accords in the 1990s, where Norway acted as a mediator between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
      - Bargaining
        
        involves the exchange of offers and counteroffers between conflicting parties to find mutually acceptable terms
        
        It can involve
        
        give-and-take
        
        concessions
        
        compromise
        
        Facilitated by
        
        mediators or
        
        diplomatic envoys
        
        example of bargaining is the Iran Nuclear Deal, formally known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The negotiations involved bargaining between Iran and a group of countries, including the United States, to address concerns over Iran's nuclear program.
      - Inquiry
        
        method of peaceful settlement that involves the establishment of a fact-finding commission 0r
        
        an investigative body to examine the disputed issues objectively
        
        The commission
        
        collects information
        
        Interviews stakeholders
        
        presents its findings
        
        An example of an inquiry is the United Nations Commission of Inquiry on Syria, which was established to investigate allegations of human rights abuses and violations of international law during the Syrian conflict.
      - Consolidation
        
        refers to efforts aimed at stabilizing and consolidating peace after a conflict has ended
        
        involve activities such as
        
        disarmament
        
        demobilization
        
        reintegration of
        
        former combatants
        
        institution-building
        
        reconciliation processes
        
        post-conflict development initiatives
- - - - leading to
        
        Tensions
        
        Hostility