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Linguistics, Fields, Language, Parts of Speech(Non-Function), Semiotics,…
Linguistics
Lexicon
In linguistics, a language's inventory of lexemes
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Morphological derivation
The process of forming a new word from an existing word, by adding a prefix or sufix.
Circular Definition
A type of definition that uses the terms being defined as part of the description or assumes that the terms being described are already known
Fields
Semantics
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Subfield
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Formal Semantics
The study of grammatical meaning in natural languages using formal tools from logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science
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Definition
The study of reference, meaning, or truth
Lexicography
Lexical Item
A single word, a part of a word, or a chain of words that forms the basic elements of a language's lexicon
Disciplines
Theoretical Lexicography
The scholarly study of orthographic, syntagmatic, semantic, and paradigmatic features of lexemes of the lexicon
Practical Lexicography
Definition
The art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries
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Morphology
Inflection
Definition
In English, run, runs, ran, and running are forms of the same lexeme, which can be represented as run
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Definition
It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words such stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes
Phonology
Definition
The branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their phones
Phone
Any distinct speech sound or gesture, regardless of whether the exact sound is critical to the meanings of words
Phoneme
The mental representation of a specific word, which is a symbol representing the sound
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Syntax
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Syntactic Category
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Complementizer
Functional category that includes words that can be used to turn a clause into the subject or object of a sentence
Phonetics
Definition
Branch that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds, or in the case of sign language, the equivalent aspects of sound
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Language
Grammar
Definition
The set of structural constraints on speakers' or writers' composition of clauses, phrases, or words
Word Formation
Well-Formedness
The quality of a clause, word, or other linguistic element that conforms to the grammar of a language of which it is a part
Morphological derivation
Nominalization
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Definition
The use of a word that is not a noun as a noun, or as the head of a noun phrase
The process of forming a new word from an existing word, by adding a prefix or sufix.
Inflection
Definition
In English, run, runs, ran, and running are forms of the same lexeme, which can be represented as run
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Constituent
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Sentence
Sentence Elements
Word
Word
Word Classes, Parts of Speech, Lexical Categories
Prepositions
Definition
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Properties
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Determiner
Determiners
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Adverbial
Adverbial
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Adjective
Adjectives
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Conjunction
Subordinators
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Definition
Basic element of language that carries an objective or practical meaning, can be used on its own, and is uninterruptible
:question:
Endophora
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Definition
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Exophora
A reference to something extratextual, i.e. not in the immediate text
Function Word
Definition
Words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning and express grammatical relationships among other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker
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Clause
Phrase, Expression
Types
Noun Phrase
Definition
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Verb Phrase
A syntatic unit composed of a verb and its arguments except the subject of an independent clause or coordinate clause
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Independent Clause
Contains Both
Predicand
Functions as
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An argument in an utterance, specifically that of which something is predicated
Predicate
Definitions
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Verb Phrase
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Argument
Definition
An expression that helps complete meaning of a clause, the latter in referring to a main verb and its auxilaries
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Dependent Clause
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Types
Finite Clause
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Classification Method
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Non-Finite Clause
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Structure
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Predicative Expression
Complement
Types
Object Complement
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Subject Complement
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Prepositional Complement
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Verb Complement
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Definition
A word, phrase, or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of an expression
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Modifier
Definition
An optional element in phrase structure or clause strucutre which modifies the meaning of another element in the structure
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Adjunct
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Disjunct
Definition
A type of adverbial adjunct that expresses information that is not considered essential to the sentence it appears in, but which is considered to be the speaker's or writer's attitude toward, or descriptive statement of, the propositional content of the sentence
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Expletive
A word or phrase inserted into the sentence that is not needed to express the basic meaning of the sentence
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Types
Conditional Sentences
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Types
Implicative, Factual
If one fact holds, so does another
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Frameworks
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Prescriptive Grammar
Or linguistic prescription, is the establishment of rules defining preferred usage of a language
Grammatical Relation, Syntactic Function
Definition
It is the positioning of a grammatical construction within a hierarchically structured sequence which determines its grammatical function
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Deixis, Deictic
Definition
The general use of words and phrases to refer to a specific time, place, or person in context, e.g., the words tomorrow, there, and they
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Construction
Reciprocal Construction
A grammatical pattern in which each of the participants occupies both the role of agent and patient with respect to the other
Inversion
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Definition
Any of several grammatical constructions where two expressions switch their canonical order of appearance
Well-Formedness
The quality of a word, clause, or other linguistic element that conforms to the grammar of the language of which it is a part
Grammatical Construction
Definition
Any syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrasal structures to certain comples lexemes such as phrasal verbs
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Ellipsis
The omission from a clause of one or more words that are nevertheless understood in the context of the remaining elements
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Possession
Definition
An asymmetric relationship between two constituents, the referent of one of which in some sense possesses the referent of the other
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Writing System, Script
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Types
Alphabetic
A standardized set of basic written graphemes, representing phonemes, units of sound that distinguish words, of certain spoken languages
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Definition
A method of visually representing verbal communication, based on a script and a set of rules regulating its use
Orthography
A set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hypenation, capitalization, word boundaries, emphasis, and punctuation
Types
Formal Language
consists of words whose letters are taken from an alphabet and are well-formed according to a set of rules
Vocabulary
Definition
A set of words, typically the set in a language or the set known to an individual
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Semiotics
Semiosis
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Definition
Also sign process. Any form of activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, including the production of meaning
Code
A set of cultural conventions, contemporary sub-codes, and themes used to communciate meaning
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Tree Structure. Diagram, Model
Tree
Parse Tree
Definition
An ordered rooted tree that represents the syntactic structure of a string according to some context-free grammar
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A widely used abstract data type that represents a hierarchical tree structure with a set of connected nodes
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Transcription
Phonetic Transcription
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IPA, International Phonetic Alphabet
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In the linguistic sense, the systematic representation of spoken language in written form
Pro-Form
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Definition
A type of function word or expression that stands in for another word, phrase, clause, or sentence where the meaning is recoverable from context
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