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Systems & Flows_SO 2_Q4_HC 5_Technical landscape
(Intro)
Relationship between landscape & energy
(based on book: landscape & energy:
Dirk Sijmons
)
co-evelution
they influence each other and change history together & have effects on the landscape
The development of energy shows:
Development of technology is not atonomous, but co-evelution:
Also there is co-evelution (history & mutual dependency) between
ideology & technology
(makes change hard)
Example: Dutch earth gas (Grongingen)
Gas pipes infrastructure/grid was laid out very fast (5 years) because of belief that atomic energy would be the next thing on the short term modualr house nuclear reactior (abundant & almost free energy), so politics: extract all the gas af soon as possible
Developments are mostly small optimization steps (path depencency), not large radical changes
because every energy form need a mostly costly specific technical infrastructure (sunk cost)
There is a history (connection) & mutual depdence between space and technology
Peat (NL: turf) & Vinkeveense plassen
Landscape is the result of energy mining
(previous industrial sites)
Development of energy (dominant energy recources)
Phases (historic development &
dominant energy source)
Electricity - spare time/leisure-time
Resulted in:
buildings become units of intensive energy consumption
overconsumption (even more supermarkets & malls)
Invention of household appliances
welfare state (surplus of time & money)
mass consumption & communication technology
Energy consumption leads to pollution (unsustainable situation), so we need to transition
Industry - coal
Resulted in:
immense factories (huge amounts of energy available at 1 place at 1 moment)
Industrial smog city & rapidly growing cities: overcrowded & unhealthy
reaction ->
garden city (planned urbanism: spatial order)
Previous: small factories in old city centres (energy sources: candles/oil lamps, wood, wind/water
Urbanism is a reaction on developments
Renewable energy
Transport - oil
Cars
Resulted in:
Affordable individual transport
(democratization of individual transport)
The car city
Suburbia: clean & new
Urban spraw (after spraw): possible to live outside the city (previous: live close to work)
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In tune with car-usage
(dependency: created a new life style)
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Highways (efficient transportation)
Program/functions of the city moved to the better reachable edge of cities (peri-urban)
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Disgust of industrial towns
Movement paradox
be able to life far from the city centre/work etc. (shorten travel times), results in new type of urbanism (suburbia/spraw), resulted in depency to the car, resulted in traffic jams (and gone is the time that was saved)
Gernal attitudes towards technilogical innovation (and thus also energy transition)
.
Transition
Realization that the fossil fuel era is over, we have to develop a redical different energy system (subject of the book landscape & energy)
How does this shape the lanscape
Book assumes energy transition is necessary because of 3 factors & counter-reaction
Fossil fuel results in geopolitical instability
(power if you own a fossil source)
Power/depence can be reduced/solved with measures
Fossil fuel fasten global warming
Denial of climate change
End of fossil fuel
(extreme costs to extract them (deeper & deeper:Antartica) or ecological costs are high
There is for centuries of fossil fuel left in the ground (coal etc.)
Tech = autonomous
changes comes from innovation/inventions, so wait for scientists to solve things
always unexpected/negative side effects
Strategy = adaptation
if climate changes and peak-oil is a fact, we have to adapt
Circular economy
waste from a system is raw material for another system
Solutions for sustainable energy according to Sijmons (book)
WInd energy
Problem
Because of distance between wind mills: large space reclamation (usable for other functions)
High aesthetic resistance
Water energy (tides: changing water levels)
Solar energy
1 Concentrated solar power:
transform solar into heat (10.000 degrees Celsiius)
2 Photovoltatic cel
Problem
Efficiency of getting energy = low (high cost per kWh)
Geometrical energy
+
99,9% volume of earth is hotter than 100 degrees Celcius (every 1 km + 30 degrees Celsius) & infinte energy source
-
Installations are exhausted very fast & large withdrawal area
Bio-mass energy
Currently most used form
But just withdrawn as sustainable
Algea energy
promising, but technology in beginning phase (needs further development)
also possible on water
Recuires a lot of space (resources) & installation (no solution for Europe)
Competitor of food production (grow crops for burning)
Emotional landscape
Reasons for the resistance towards the current energy transition
(H. Arendt) - the identity is derived/taken from the world around us, in our need to preserve our identity, large changes in the spatial environment will be accompanied by a lot of resistance
80% of arguments for changes in the local spatial environment are emotional/subjective (and thus must be part of the debate)
Example story:
In a German region, farmers stopped, now this landcape is transformed into blue (solar panels) & flower fields. Her whole life was farming (this lifestyle/landscape goes back many generations), so she sees the end of farming
(and her feeling is unsatisfied, because a precious thing is changing/disappearing)
Reconceptualization of the current energy transition:
From something invisible (contralized but underground or in coutries far away)
Illusory landscape
(Caroline Steel)
To something that is decentralized, clearly visible and right in your face (local)
Possible loss of identity and scale of the transition is thereby also visable
Like a crouse ship: leave the machine room where it is: out of sight
Would you like to leave between these wind mills?
the role of design(ers)
Design in such a way that the technology becomes part of the landscape and enahnces it: meaninful, attractive & readable (recognizable): the landscape like a machine
(do not hide is or place alien artefacts in an pittoresque landscape)
Example
Water pump station Tull aan 't Waal (NL)
Water filtering proces makes that a structure of
15 m high and 120 m long should be places in the landscape
First: hide behind a mirror, but highly visible
Make spatial consequences / footprint of things visible, and use that for the debate
Nl: everybody wants to live in a semi-detachted house (2-onder-1-kapwoning)
That means this kind of city/landscape
Scenario''s (visualizations/storie-lines of possible futures), not open, but for critical choises: doing now for result in future
Case studies NL: Arnhem & Rotterdam (by H+N+S)
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