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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - reproductively immature
        
        until hypothalamus releases
        
        GnRH
        
        stimulates anterior pituitary
        
        release gonadotropins
      - FSH
        
        stimulates
        
        spermatogenesis
      - LH (ICSH)
        
        stimulates
        
        interstitial cells
        to produce
        male sex
        hormones
      - Inhibin
        
        prevents
        
        oversecretion of FSH
    - - androgens
      - Testosterone most
        important
        androgen
      - action of testerone
        
        stimulates development
        
        male organs
        
        testes descend
    - - negative feedback mech.
  - - - reproductively immature
        
        about 10 years of age
        
        gonadaotropin secretion increases
      - estrogen
        
        development & maintenance
      - progesterone
        
        prepares uterus for pregnancy
    - - regularly recurring
        changes in the
        uterine lining c
        ulminating in
        menstrual
        flow
- - - - & posterior lobe
  - - - stimulates body cells
        
        to grow & divide
    - - promotes breast development
        
        stimulates milk production
      - no normal functions
        
        in males
    - - secretion of hormones
        
        from the thyroid gland
    - - controls the secretion
        
        certain hormones from
        the adrenal cortex
    - - gonadotropins,
        hormones that affect the gonads
  - - - causes kidneys to
        
        excrete less water
      - in high con.
        
        constricts blood vessel walls, rising BP
    - - antidiuretic effect
        
        can contract uterine wall
      - contracts certain cells
        
        associated w/ production & ejection milk
- - - - distinct & secrete diff. hormones
  - - - synthesized from
        tyrosine & chem. similar
        
        produce effects similar to SNS
  - - - causes kidneys to conserve
        
        sodium ions & water
        
        to excrete potassium
        
        helps maintain blood
        volume & pressure
      - secreted in response
        
        increased potassium ion con.
        
        or presence of angiotensin II
    - - inhibits protein synthesi
      - releases fatty acids
      - stimulates glucose
        formation from
        noncarbohydrates
    - - male types
        but can
        be converted to female
      - supplement sex hormones
        
        produced by gonads
- - - - store thyroxine and
        triiodothyronine the
        follicular cells secrete
    - - secrete calcitonin
  - - - collectively called
        thyroid hormone
        
        increase rate of metabolism
        
        enhance protein synthesis
        
        stimulate lipid breakdown
        
        needed for normal
        growth and development
        
        & maturation of the
        nervous system
    - - lowers blood calcium
        &
        phosphate ion
        concentrations
      - prevents
        
        prolonged elevation
        calcium after a meal
- - - - well supplied
        with capillaries
  - - - increases
        
        blood calcium
        ion concentration
      - decreases
        
        blood phosphate
        ion concentration
      - stimulates
        
        resorption of bone tissue
        
        causes the kidneys to
        conserve calcium ions
        
        excrete phosphate ions
        
        indirectly stimulates
        absorption of calcium
        ions from the intestine
      - negative feedback
        
        operating between
        
        to regualte
- - - - attaches to small intestine
    - - secrete hormnes
  - - - stimualtes
        
        liver to produce glucose
        
        increasing con. blood glucose
      - breaks down fats
    - - activates falilated diffusion
        
        of glucose through cell membranes
      - stimulates its storage
      - promotes protein synthesis
      - stimulates fat storage
    - - inhibits insulin and glucagon release
- - - - provide immunity
- - - - lipids w/ complex
        carbon rings & hydrogen atoms
    - - amines, peptides, proteins
  - - - target cells & combine w/ receptors
        to form complexes
        
        these complexes activate specific genes
        
        direct synthesis of proteins
        
        degree of cellular response,
        proportional to # of hormone receptor
        complexes formed
    - - combine w/ receptors in
        target cell membrane
        
        hormone-receptor complex stimulates
        membrane proteins
        
        such as adenylate cyclase to
        induce formation of
        2nd messenger molecules
        
        a 2nd messengar ei. cAMP,
        activates protein kinases
        
        protein kinases active certain proteins
        change cellular processes
        
        cellular response to nonsteriod
        hormone is amplified
        
        1 more item...
    - - pancrine substances
        
        powerful hormone-like effect
        
        modulate hormones
        
        regulate cyclic AMP
- - - - releasing hormones from hypothalamus
      - nervous stimulation
      - changes in plasma concentration
        of a substance
  - - - once effect reaches certain level, gland is inhibited
        
        gland secretes less as effect is lessened