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Can and could all humans live to 100 or beyond? (What factors affect…

- - - - Gender
        
        preterm births and the neonatal and infant mortality rates higher in boys
        
        Genetic disorders more common in males
        
        female sex hormone oestrogen protective of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) / partly responsible for the lower incidence of CVD in women until menopause vs. androgen hormone (higher in men) associated with a higher risk of CVD
        
        Female bodies are known to produce stronger immune responses and larger amounts of antibodies compared with male bodies - better at fighting off infections & diseases
        
        male foetus is biologically weaker and more vulnerable to maternal stress and pregnancy complications than the female foetus
      - Chronic health conditions that shorten life
    - - Misogyny and stereotypes shortens male longevity
        
        Men are more exposed to work-related stress and unhealthy behaviours (e.g. smoking & alcohol abuse)
        
        More men are disadvantaged by occupational hazards and “masculine behaviours” that are highly risky and health hazardous -> die in work-related accidents, car crashes, war and sporting activities
        
        Compared with the past, the gender gap in life expectancy has reportedly narrowed in most low-mortality countries in the last few decades
        
        not surprising given that women have been increasingly entering the workforce and adopting health-damaging lifestyles like smoking and drinking
      - Testosterone “responsible for predisposing men to health risk behaviours”
        
        maybe why research has found a link between marriage and increased life expectancy in men but not in women
        
        Marriage may protect men from risky social habits, whereas women are less prone to risky behaviours regardless of their marital status (see Wellbeing / mental health section)
- - - - Blood pressure
      - Total cholesterol level
      - Triglyceride level
      - Heart rate recovery (how long it takes your heart to return to resting after exercise) - the quicker the better
    - - Exercise
      - Lose weight
      - Good diet
      - Don't smoke
      - Reduce stress
    - - Better CVH live longer -> reduces risk of CV diseases such as heart attacks etc. which can be fatal
        
        "Participants with high CVH had an average 8.9 more years of life expectancy at age 50 years compared with those with low CVH. On average, 42.6% of the gained life expectancy at age 50 years from adhering to high CVH was attributable to reduced cardiovascular disease death. ” (Hao Ma et. al., 10 April 2023)
  - - - Washing hands before eating etc
    - - e.g. Oral hygiene
        
        gum disease, such as periodontitis, can lead to heart disease. This is due to the bacterial buildup in the mouth which can cause an infection in the bloodstream and then make its way to the heart
    - - E.g. STDs
    - - a better self-esteem actually promotes the production and the absorption of serotonin which can help to better their mental health (see Wellbeing / health section)
  - - - (couldn't upload photo of graph so here is the link) https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/number-of-drugs-used-per-day-and-the-total-life-lost-in-years.png
        
        “There are some 1.1 billion people who smoke on our planet earth. Just less than one-third of all adults in the world smoke regularly. Tobacco deaths will not only occur in old age but will start when smokers are about age 35. Half of those who die from smoking-related causes will die in middle age, each losing about 25 years of life expectancy. More than 95% of the tobacco consumed is in the form of cigarettes. About half of all smokers who undergo lung cancer take up smoking again.” (Dying to Quit," a 1998 book by Janet Brigham)
      - Why does it kill?
        
        Causes lung cancer & CVD
    - - Negative effects
        
        Those drinking 14 to 25 drinks per week could expect a shorter life expectancy by one to two years
        
        Those drinking more than 25 drinks per week could expect a shorter life expectancy by four to five years
      - Is drinking some alcohol better than not drinking it at all?
        
        “Light drinkers (those consuming one to three drinks per week) had the lowest rates of cancer or death compared to those drinking less than 1 drink per week” (Kunzmann, Andrew T. et. al., 2018)
      - Why does it kill?
        
        Drink driving / drawing / alcohol poisoning (short term)
        
        High blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, liver disease, and digestive problems. Cancer of the breast, mouth, throat, esophagus, voice box, liver, colon, and rectum (long term)
  - - - moderate obesity, which is now common, reduces life expectancy by about 3 years, and that severe obesity, which is still uncommon, can shorten a person’s life by 10 years
  - - - Affects blood sugar
      - Reduces stress levels
      - Decrease inflammation
      - Maintain healthy body weight
      - Increase energy and alertness
      - Improve memory
      - Improve executive function
      - Repairs tissue
      - Strengthens heart
- - - - In recent years, diets in Japan have become more similar to those in the U.S. but they still eat smaller portions, more fermented foods, less sweets, and less red meat