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Ocean shipping - Coggle Diagram
Ocean shipping
Rate Structure
Ocean shipping rates are impacted by carrier cost structure, commodity, freight volume, origin and destination points, and ancillary services required
the majority of liner rates were determined collectively by a group of carriers serving specific trade routes and ports
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The total price for service under these service contracts will typically contain three components: a basic rate, mandatory surcharges, and extra services
Charter rates are individually negotiated based on the type of charter (voyage or time)
and services required
A successful negotiation will result in a charter party, a contract in which the shipowner agrees to place their ship, or part of it, at the disposal of the charterer for the carriage of goods for a voyage or time period for a specified rate
Equipment Types
Break-bulk ships
are multipurpose vessels that transport shipments of unusual sizes, unitized on pallets, in bags, or in crates
The ships tend to be smaller and have onboard
cranes, giving them the flexibility to serve nearly any port
The ships tend to be smaller and have onboard
cranes, giving them the flexibility to serve nearly any port
Containerships
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these “box ships” hold up to 19,000 20-foot equivalent units (TEUs) with containers stored under deck in specific slots created by vertical
guides
The top container lines
in the world, which control 75 percent of global TEU capacity
it is easy to see why containers have become a dominant form of packaged-goods
international shipping
Roll-on/roll-off
ships were created to move wheeled vehicles such as cars, trucks, farm equipment, and construction equipment that can be driven on and off the vessel
Since it would be costly, slow, and dangerous to use a crane to load this type of freight, the RORO ship has a ramp that drops down to the wharf, allowing vehicles to be quickly loaded or unloaded
The interior of the ship has many decks to store the cargo, similar to a parking garage
Bulk carriers
constitute a catch-all category for ships that are dedicated to the transport of a specific bulk commodity on a voyage basis
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These unique ships are employed on long-term time charters and travel a stable
schedule similar to liner ships
Combination ships
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A typical ship design has under-deck holds for bulk or break-bulk cargoes, a tween deck to hold vehicles or break-bulk cargo, and a main deck, which carries containers
The cargo flexibility, smaller size, and handling equipment help combination ships thrive in smaller markets and developing countries
Service Options
Charter service
Some charterers move cargo for other companies with the goalof making money on the difference between leasing costs and the prices charged to other customers
Ship owners offer voyage charters for specific origin to destination trips or time charters for a specific period of time
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Private service
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Some liner ships travel the globe on “round the world” schedules, passing through the Panama Canal and the Suez Canal
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