Ocean Shipping
The majority of goods
bulk materials moving across oceans
Service Options
Liner service
by ships that travel on regularly scheduled voyages
following fixed routes with predetermined ports of call
Charter service
The ship owner essentially leases the vessel to a charterer (the customer) who uses the ship to move its own cargo.
time charters for a specific period of time
Private service
are owned or leased on a long-term basis by the exporter or importer.
Equipment Types
Containerships
moving standardized 20-foot and 40-foot oceangoing containers
Break-bulk ships
multipurpose vessels that transport shipments of unusual sizes
tend to be smaller and have onboard
cranes
Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) ships
to move wheeled vehicles such as cars, trucks, farm equipment,,...
has many decks to store the cargo
Bulk carriers
to the transport of a specific bulk commodity on a voyage basis.
constitute a catch-all category for ships
on long-term time charters and travel a stable
schedule
Combination ships
multipurpose vessels that can handle different types of commodities
have their own cranes and other equipment
Rate Structure
are impacted by carrier cost structure, commodity,
freight volume, origin and destination points, and ancillary services required.
The Ocean Shipping Reform Act (OSRA)
- expanded the ability of shippers to negotiate private,
confidentialservice contracts
liner rates
determined collectively by a group of carriers
service contracts.
mandatory surcharges,
extra services
a basic rate
TEU