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DNA AND HGP - Coggle Diagram
DNA AND HGP
- Collecting 10,000 genetic samples from citizens across India
- Building a reference genome
- Whole-genome sequencing and data analysis
- Understanding diseases affecting the Indian population
- Developing predictive diagnostic markers
- Advancing personalized medicine
- Identifying population groups susceptible to diseases
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- Significance of genome mapping
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- Constructing a detailed physical map of the entire human genome
- Determining the nucleotide sequence of all 24 human chromosomes by 2005
- Human Microbiome Initiative of select endogamous populations of India
- Characterizing human-associated microbes
- Studying the influence of diet, lifestyle, geography, and age on gut microbiome
- Exploring microbial enterotypes and Ayurvedic Prakriti types
- Sequencing and analyzing genomes of all eukaryotic biodiversity
- Creating a global catalogue of life on the planet
- Phases of the project: sequencing 1.5 million species
GMP CROPS
- Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture
- Genetically Modified (GMO) Food Crops
- Genetically modified (GM) foods derived from organisms with modified DNA
- GM crops: corn, cotton, and soybeans resistant to pests and herbicides
- Bt cotton: India's approved GM crop for commercial production
- Increased agricultural yield and decreased cultivation costs
- Tolerance against herbicides and weedicides
- Climate resilience and resistance to environmental conditions
- Reduced waste and cheaper food costs for consumers
- Bt toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) provides insect resistance
- CryIAc gene codes for the toxin; cry genes control specific pests
- GM Mustard (Dhara Mustard Hybrid 11)
- Genetically modified hybrid variety of Brassica juncea
- Developed using genetic material from non-pathogenic soil bacteria
- Three genes (Bar, Barnase, and Barstar) extracted from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
- Transgenic brinjal with cry1Ac gene from Bacillus thuringiensis
- Modified to withstand pests like the Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer
- Created by Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company (Mahyco)
- Genetically engineered rice containing beta-carotene (provitamin A)
- Produces enzymes for beta-carotene expression and golden color
- Terminator Seed Technology
- Genetic alteration to make plants produce sterile or terminator seeds
- Also known as suicide seeds or Genetic Use Restriction Technologies (GURTs)
- Regulations of GMOs in India
- Environment Protection Act of 1986 and Rules of 1989
- Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC)
- Various authorities dealing with regulation
- Released by the Department of Biotechnology, India
- Need for guidelines and key provisions
- Implementation through the Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC)
- Three categories of data: open access, managed access, and no access
- Significance of information sharing and benefits
- General Features of the Human Genome
- Size of the human genome (3.2 billion base pairs)
- Variation in base-pair composition across the genome