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Module 1: The Study of Diasporas, specifically, the “Chinese diaspora,” as…

- - - - Trader pattern (huashang) - dominant and only pattern until 1850
      - Coolie pattern (huagong) - after 1850s; transitional; plantation economies and industrialization, railways in North America, ended by 1900s in Americas and by the 1920s in Southeast Asia
      - Sojourner pattern (huaqiao) - 1900s onwards; whether Goumintang or Republican Government/Chinese Communist Party; all overseas chinese; political, legal, ideological content; nationalist push that sometimes came in too strong for local governments
      - Descent or re-migrant pattern (huayi) - not necessarily descendants of chinese migrants, but re-migration to new places; mostly professionals/cosmopolitan chinese; search for non-discriminatory states
    - - Differences between migration to SEA and to countries of European settlement in America and Australia
        
        huashang vs huagong
      - Differences became more marked after WWII
      - 14: "Local districts in china which produced most of the migrants and to which many of them returned AND the countries and localities abroad which received most of the migrants over the past two centuries"
    - - no more huagong pattern, only new re-imigrant
      - huaqiao survives but is peripheral
      - huayi is new and future is still uncertain
      - only basic huashang remains, foundational for chinese migration from ancient times to the present, most resilient pattern