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Chemistry chapter 2: Kinetic Particle Theory - Coggle Diagram

- - - - thermal energy is absorbed from the surroundings and the temperature of the liquid is at its boiling point, the particles now have enough kinetic energy to overcome the forces of attraction, as the particles move further apart quickly and randomly, both liquid and gas are present during the boiling process, the temperature remains constant throughout the boiling process
        
        after all the liquid has boiled, thermal energy is converted back to kinetic energy of the particles which now move quickly and randomly in any direction and the temperature rises past the boiling point
    - - the particles lose thermal energy to the surroundings and the temperature is at the condensation point, the particles with less energy are drawn closer together by the forces of attraction between them, and the arrangement becomes less disorderly, both gas and liquid are present during the condensation process, and the temperature remains constant
        
        after all the gas condensed, kinetic energy of the particles are converted back to thermal energy and transferred to the surroundings, and the particles ca slide past each other freely throughout the liquid and the temperature reduces below the condensation point
      - the kinetic energy of the particles is converted to thermal energy which is transferred to the surroundings, with kinetic energy, the particles slow down
  - - - when dry ice is on a spoon that is exposed to room temperature, the gaseous water vapour undergoes condensation on the underside of the spoon and the dry ice sublimes directly to carbon dioxide, temperature remains constant throughout until the solid has completely sublimed to gas,
    - - particles in the gas are cooled until they slow down and arrange themselves directly into the solid state.
  - - - heat energy is absorbed from the surroundings and the temperature of the solid reaches its melting point, the particles now have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction, the orderly arrangement of the particles is disrupted and both solid and liquid are present in the melting process, the temperature remains the same throughout the melting process, until all the solid has melted
        
        after all the solid has melted, heat energy is converted to kinetic energy again and the particles can move freely throughout the liquid and the temperature rises past the melting temperature
    - - kinetic energy of the particles is converted to heat energy, which is transferred to the particles, and the particles slow down and reduces to the freezing temperature which is also the melting temperature
        
        the particles lose energy to the surroundings and the temperature is reduced to the freezing point, the particles have less energy now and are drawn closer together by the forces of attraction and the particle arrangement becomes more orderly, both solid and liquid are present at the freezing point and the temperature remains constant
        
        after all the liquid has turned to solid, the kinetic energy of the particles are converted back to thermal energy and transferred to the surroundings, particles vibrate and rotate about their fixed positions, the temperature reduces to below the freezing the freezing point