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Prehistory - Coggle Diagram
Prehistory
- Group 1: Timeline, Transition, and Meaning
- End of the Ice Age and the Upper Paleolithic Age around 10000 BCE - 8K
- Climate becoming warm and dry ;Changes in flora and fauna
- Movement of human beings to new areas
- Domestication of animals and primitive agriculture
- Transition from Paleolithic to Mesolithic cultures; Cognitive Rev
- Neolithic Age emergence in different regions (Northern India, Southern and Eastern India)
- Introduction of Neolithic Revolution and its impact on socio-economic life
- Transition to food-producing stage
- Chalcolithic Age (The Copper-Stone Age)
- Transition from stone tools to copper tools
- Timeline: 500,000 BCE to 140,000 BCE
- Transition from earlier stages of human evolution
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- Timeline: 140,000 BCE to 40,000 BCE
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- Timeline: 40,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE
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- Group 2: Lifestyle and Habitat
- Mesolithic people lived as hunters, gatherers, and fishers
- Later stages included domestication of animals and primitive agriculture
- Semi-permanent/temporary settlements, caves, and open grounds
- Dependence on hunting, fishing, and food gathering
- Earliest farmers and adoption of agriculture and animal domestication
- Cultivation of crops like ragi and horse gram
- Domestication of cattle, sheep, and goats
- Emergence of self-sufficient village communities
- Circular and rectangular houses made of mud and reed
- Boat-making skills and textile production (spinning cotton, wool, weaving cloth)
- Common ownership of property
- Examples of specific Neolithic cultures (Kashmir Neolithic Culture, Burzahom, Gufkral, Mehrgarh)
- Economy based on subsistence agriculture, stock-raising, hunting, and fishing
- Construction of rural settlements and village planning
- Types of houses and building materials used (wattle and daub)
- Village size and organization
- Dietary practices and domestication of animals
- Art and crafts, including pottery, weaving, and metallurgy
- Proximity to essential resources: food, water, and stone
- Adaptation to various habitats
- Biological changes facilitating bipedalism
- Cognitive Revolution enabling enhanced communication
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- Cave sites, bone tools, rock art, etc.
- Group 3: Tools and Other Materials
- Introduction of Microliths as key tools
- Microliths made of materials like chalcedony, chert, jasper, carnelian, agate, and quartzite
- Use of microliths for hunting smaller animals and birds
- Creation of composite tools like spearheads, arrowheads, knives, and sickles
- Attaching microliths to wooden or bone handles
- Use of other materials like stones, bones, and wood for tool making
- Production of stone tools, including polished, pecked, and ground stone tools
- Use of polished stones and microlithic blades
- Types of stone tools, including celts, bone objects (needles, scrapers, etc.)
- Invention of pottery and different pottery styles (black burnished ware, grey ware, mat-impressed ware)
- Types of tools used during the Chalcolithic Age
- Specialized blade and flake tools made of siliceous material
- Introduction of copper and bronze tools
- Other materials used in construction and crafts
- Stone tools: Hand axes, choppers, cleavers
- Preferred material: Quartzite
- Tools based on flakes: Scrapers, blades, points, etc.
- Decrease in the use of hand axes
- Stone tools: Parallel-sided blades, burins
- Bone tools and other materials
- Group 4: Notable Discoveries/Inventions/Observations
- Domestication of plants and animals
- Evolution of lithic technologies, especially microliths
- Development of artistic skills and rock art in the Mesolithic era
- Discovery of rock paintings in India, predating the discovery in Altamira, Spain
- Mesolithic rock art sites across India, such as Bhimbetka caves
- Emergence of painting and petroglyphs as forms of art
- Neolithic Revolution and its impact on human life
- Emergence of settled agricultural communities
- Innovations in technology and tools
- Introduction of pottery-making and its styles
- Progression of society from mobile to settled lifestyles
- Division of labor and emergence of self-sufficient village communities
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- Evolution of transportation and commerce
- Surplus production and trade
- Wheeled Pottery making techniques and styles
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- Continuity in human occupation and cultural development
- Rock art: Paintings of animal figures and human representations
- Bone tools, bone objects, stone beads, etc.
- Group 5: Society, Economy, Political Structure, Religion, and Limitations
- Transition from hunting-gathering to domestication of plants and animals
- Emergence of Barter System
- Beginning of Tribal society
- Semi-permanent/temporary settlements and cave dwellings
- Gender division of labor (men hunting, women gathering and food preparation)
- Depiction of communal dances, social activities, and burial rituals in rock art
- Limited information available, no specific data provided
- Scarcity of data on political structure, religion, and limitations
- Transition to agriculture and animal domestication
- Collective democracy leader one among the people
- Transition to settled life and emergence of village communities
- Division of labor based on sex and age
- Women playing a dominant role (Matriarchal society)
- Tribal structure and collective ownership of resources
- Cultural practices, language, music, tales, and artwork
- Mentioned data does not provide specific information on religion.
- Mentioned data does not provide specific information on limitations.
- Subsistence agriculture, stock-raising, hunting, and fishing
- Cereal cultivation and crop rotation
- Domestication of animals for food
- Limited use of iron in some regions
- Social inequalities and hierarchy
- Chiefs living in rectangular houses with dominance over others
- Settlement patterns and power distribution
- Burial practices and funerary rituals
- Worship of Mother Goddess and religious symbols
- Social distance between different groups within settlements
- Status and affluence indicators (grave goods, copper bangles, etc.)
- Infant mortality and limitations in healthcare
- Worship of Mother Goddess
- Symbolic importance of bulls in religious cults
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- High infant mortality rate
- Lack of iron knowledge and technology
- Absence of urbanization during the Chalcolithic Age
- Limited information available
- Limited information available
- Notable artistic expressions
- Use of animal teeth as ornaments
- Worship of female goddesses, cultural practices
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