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50 - The Victorian Novel :, TRANSPORT, POLITICS, 2nd BE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - CHANGES
        
        1) Roads (16C roads under care of country parishes. 2nd 1/2 17C- turnpike system (tolls). 2nd 1/2 18C. New building techniques. End 18C - best in Europe
        
        2). Water - better for transporting heavy good. 16C & 17C - rivers deepened, locks & canals built. 2nd 1/2 18C Duke Bridgewater - canal system
        
        3) Rail - James Watt s.t. 1769. 1825 1st railway Darlington-Stockport line. Britain became more uniform, ↑ in travelling. 1963 - Met line - world's 1st underground train
        
        Pop & Urban Growth
        
        1830 - 16m. 1875 - 23m
        
        Due to ↑ mortality. More food, better medicine etc.
        
        Enclosures
        
        Agric. Rev. big impact. Enclosures. Forced farmers to cities. ↑ in farming for profit not for subsistence.
        
        HUGE ↑ in cities, where ppl moved to due to factories & lived in slums
        
        ECONOMY
        
        1846 Repeal of corn laws. FREE TRADE. Turning point - acknowledgement that Brit NO LONGER agric. society but an INDUSTRAL one. Provided cheap food to the masses. Salaries low & industries became ↑ competitive. Big growth: coal, iron, cotton.
        
        SOCIETY
        
        M/C - huge ↑ in wealth & expansion of m/c. BUT system still based on feudalism. Enfranchised by 1832 Great Reform Act (£10 +)
        
        'New rich' treated with satire in novels. Thackeray's Mr Osborne (Vanity Fair 1848) & Dickens's Podsnap (Our Mutual Friend 1865)
        
        Women
        
        Still a long way to go to achieve some kind of equality - no rights to vote or own property, BUT they were able to work - employed in factories (paid less). M/C - still teachers/governors/writers.
        
        END of Ind Rev saw women ↑ campaigning for political rights. 1866 - 1st mass women's suffrage petition sent to HofCs. 1897 - National Union of Women's Suffrage est (NUWSS), then Women's Social & Pol. Union (WSPU) 1903
        
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        Also ↑ large lower m/c (many in CD's novels). Fluid, unstable in elections, better education than w/c, provided leadership in labour movts etc. ↑ fuelled by ↑ consumerist society
        
        Huge w/c too, expanded by Ind Rev. Children routinely exploited in factories
        
        The Chartist movement
        
        1st mass movement driven by w/c - grew following failure of 1832 Reform Act to extend vote beyond those owning property.
        
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        Parl - emerged as the victor in 17C battle with monarchy BUT Brit not a democracy - archaic electoral system. New indust, cities often not represented in parl. 1832 satisfies demands of wealthy but rest (men) had to wait until 1867 - 2nd Reform Bill.
        
        Trade Unions founded in this era. National unification with Trade Union Congress 1868
        
        Successive Labour reform bills - eg 1844, Factories Act - in effect the 1st health & safety act (but eg, set max working day for children under age 12... - wasn't until 1891 when min age to be employed in factories was raised to 12)
        
        1900 LABOUR PARTY formed
        
        1870 - universal primary education established.
        
        Inventions
        
        eg - 1876 Alexander Graham Bell - telephone
        
        1851 Great Exhibition - showcased Britain's & world's manufacturing - 6 m ppl visited!
  - - - Traces back to 17C, European demand for sugar & tobacco led to dev. of plantations in Caribbean & Southern America. SLAVERY. 1713 Treaty of Utrecht - ↑ in slave trade. 1763 Treaty of Paris - Britain took ↑ control of Canada & India. '1st BE' ended with loss of colonies 1776.
- - - - Eg 1889, sociologist Charles Booth famous survey - 1/3 ppl in London living in dire poverty
  - - - Victorian age saw huge ↑ in popularity of the novel. ↑ in educated m/c reading public. ↑ in circulating libraries. Serial publications in magazines & journals became ↑ popular. New technologies in printing press allowed for greater efficiency & ↑ production.
        MASS AUDIENCES
        
        Victorian Age = GOLDEN AGE of the English Novel
        
        Characteristics
        
        Richly detailed to achieve REALISM - aimed to recreate reality as it was. Emphasises on describing the material & physical details of life (as opposed to nature - Romanticism)
        
        Realism emphasises ordinary w/c person & rejects heroics, aristocracy etc.
        
        LONG! Thickly plotted, & crowded with characters BUT interesting & complex characters took precedent.
        
        Many novels traced the life of the protagonist from infancy to early adulthood - David Copp, Great Ex, Jane Eyre..
        
        In general they denounced the injustices of society BUT expressed faith in progress
        
        Writers NOT a homogenous group. but they did share certain
    - - Wrote in 40s, 50s & 60s. Brontes, Thackeray, Mrs Gaskell & Dickens.
        
        identified with their age, Accepted the society in which they lived, Criticized evils (eg poverty) but thought they were temporary. Quite formless (due to serialisation). Written to entertain.
    - - 60s & 70s onwards. Thomas Hardy, John Galsworthy, Henry James, George Eliot
        
        Writing against their age. More melancholic, pessimistic & dark as ↑ concerned with destruction of rural England (than w/c poor). More about Love. More rigid form.
- - - - ANNE: 'Acton Bell'. Agnes Grey (1847) & The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848). Not on same level as others.
      - CHARLOTTE: Romantic writer, great intensity / passion in novels. Jane Eyre (1847) perfect fusion of realism & romance - 1st Romantic novel. Reader, I married him - can see women ↑ exercising choices. Hints of suppressed eroticism would have greatly excited Vict. readership. She achieves an intensely private communion with her audience & gives us unparalleled access to Jane's thoughts - so author can be thought of as forerunner of the novel of interior consciousness. Also wrote Shirley (1849) - study of conflicts between workers & employers
      - EMILY: Wuthering Heights (1847) - remarkable. Different from others - dramatic & poetic presentations, abstention from comments by author & unusual structure. Takes bigger creative risks than Charlotte. 1st time we see passion in a novel - Cathy's love for Heathcliff is intense & transgressive. Traces of gothic novel - eg Wuthering Heights = archetypal Gothic building, full of dark & mysterious secrets
        
        WH: Contrast between 2 worlds, 2 principles, 2 types of loves, exemplified by the 2 houses - Wuth. H. (sheltered Catherine & Heathcliff) is bare & dark whilst the Linton's Thrushcross Grange is refined & civilised. Complex narrative technique (anticipates Conrad).Use of time shifts & narrations conveying different points of view. Action already approaching end as we begin novel.
  - - - 1836 Pickwick Papers - immediate success. 1837 OT (serial form) Marked beg. of attack on workhouse conditions/slums. 1843 AXmasC - most pop. Belief in human kindness. 1850 Dav Cop - strong autobiographical elements.
        
        After 1850 - darker, more tragic, less humour. 1854 Hard Times - attacks cap. society. 1855 L Dorrit - attacks bureaucracy. 1861 GExp - most complex, life of orphan Philip Birrup traced from age 7. Last novel Our Mutual Friend criticises class system.
  - - - 2 different types of novels: 1) details conditions of w/c in NEng (N&S 1855, Wives & Daughters 1866 (unfinished), 2) in domestic sphere - Cranford 1853 - most celebrated - light & humorous in tone, set among the ladies of a small time nr Manc. Also wrote short stories & biography of friend C Bronte.
- - - - Developed method of psychological analysis. Had interest in human beings & moral problems - somewhat of a social reformer. She anticipated the narrative methods of modern literature
        
        Imp works: 1860 The Mill on the Floss. 1861 Silas Marner. 1871 Middlemarch. 1876 Daniel Deronda
  - - - Works: 1874 FFTMCrowd 1886 Mayor of Casterbridge 1891 Tess of the d'Urbervilles. Theme: a longing for trad. rural life. Criticises the social constraints in V England.
  - - - Most imp work: the Forsyte Saga - traced changing fortunes of wealthy m/c family & the effect of gossip & scandal. Nobel prize 1932
- - - - 6 novels:
        
        1811 S&S 1813 P&P 1814 M Park 1815 Emma 1816 Persuasion 1817 N Abbey
- - - - The Short History of Eng. Lit - OUP 2004 & Baugh, a Literary History of England - 1948 & Hugh Kearney, The British Isles (1989)