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crime control, prevention and punishments - Coggle Diagram
crime control, prevention and punishments
crime prevention
situational crime prevention -
clarke
the strategy to make it more difficult to commit a crime / reducing the opportunities to commit
directed at specific forms of crime, like theft and property damage
involves altering areas that are susceptible to crimes, e.g. shopping centres
reducing rewards of crimes
involves the implementation of 'target harding', which means specific targets of crime are more difficult to access
based on 'rational choice' theory, that suggested individuals weigh up the benefits and costs
A02
examples; CCTV in areas of historical criminal behaviour, use of security systems in homes, shutters in front of shops, anti-vandal paint applied to walls
study;
felson
= bus terminal in new york
rough-sleeping, luggage theft and drug dealing were reduced by 're-designing' the layout of the terminal and toilet areas
A03
many of these crimes were displaced to other areas
A03
doesn't tackle the root of crime, rather deals with the symptons
environmental crime prevention
influenced by the ideas of the 'broken windows theory'
suggested that the visible signs of neglect and disorder influenced levels of crime
area of high deprivation had higher rates of crime and these had often been underfunded and ignored by local government
right realists approach to crime prevention looks to eliminate signs of disorder
linked to zero-tolerance policing, e.g. shutting down of bars and clubs
policy implemented in new york in 90s to clean up the streets (tackling beggars, drug dealing)
environmental improvement
repairing broken windows, removing graffiti, etc
accusations of gentrification, making areas unaffordable for people to live in
keizer
= used field experiments to see if people would commit offences in areas of varying appearance
found deviant behaviour in areas of physical signs of disorder
new york crime rates were dropping
a03
change in us economy lifted job prospects and made the city more affluent, which may have reduced crime
social + community prevention
associated with left realists
causes of crime...
formation of subculture - lack of status and disintegration of communities
relative deprivation
marginalisation - people feeling socially and economically excluded from opportunities in society
linked to new labour, that looked to tackle the causes of crime (inequalities in society that lead to crime occurring)
two stategies
intervention - preventing through early intervention, e.g. inter-agency working
community - developing relationships within the local community with police and other agencies
examples; sure start, parenting classes, development of youth facilities
A03
victim-blaming of parents and children and assuming parenting styles were inadequate