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components of population change - Coggle Diagram
components of population change
factors affecting fertility
demographic
mortality rates
when infant mortality is high it is usual for many children to die before reaching adult life, In some societys some parents compensate for the expected death of some of thier children by having more babys
social/cultural
in some societys like africa tradition demands a high rate of reproduction
in early years there is little say from women about reproduction
education/female literacy
birth control
greater social awareness
opportunity for employment
countries have policy to reduce fertility by investing in birth control programmes
economic
in LEDC's children are seen as economic assets because of the work and value they will provide for the family, and further for the parents at old age
in MEDC's it is reversed and children and expensive and may deter couples from having children
economic growth allows greater spending on
health
housing
nutrition
education
political
country's are able to encourparate policys to reduce child bearing
example 1 child policy in china
2 child policy in singapore
factors affecting mortality
crude death rate
is a measure of mortality
infant mortality rate
is an age specific rate that applies to one particular year of age
life expectancy
the expected age of life
epidemiological transition
as country's develop the ranking of major diseases tends to change from infectious to degenerative
factors affecting disease rates in LEDC's
poverty
poor access to healthcare
antibiotic resistance
social class
place of residence
occupation
age structure of population
demographic transition model
criticisms of the model
to eurocentric
based on the experience of western Europe and not relevant to other country's
unable to account for changes due to migration
assumes all countrys will eventually pass through all the stages
demographic transition in LEDCs
birth rates in stages 1 and 2 were higher
death rate fell much more steeply
for country's in stage 3 the fall in fertility has also been steeper. due to the widespread availability of modern contraception with high levels of reliability
Case study
demographic transition stage 4 argentina
rapid progression through stages 1-3 through steady development in economic, social mobility and technological and medical advances
internal migration
caused by migration from rural areas into industrialized city's
due to limited space within cities and the changing demands of work smaller family's became a indirect result of urbanization
birth rate has been in decline since early 1900s with the exception being the " baby boom" after world war 2
argentinas current birthrate is 1.1%
early decline in birthrate because
gender equality
argentine woman have been protected, at least in theory, by a civil code that outlaws gender discrimination since 1869
woman maintain a relatively high level of employment and educational opportunities in relation to men
contraception is widely avaliable without cost
Issues with an ageing population
occurs when fertility declines while life expectancy remains constant
demographic aging will put healthcare systems, public pensions, and government budgets in general under increasing pressure.
life expectancy
social development leads to an increase in life expectancy and decline in levels of mortality
how did demographic transition in LEDC's differ from population change undergone by most MEDC's
birth rates in stages 1 and 2 were higher
death rate fell more more steeply (aids killing people)
country's had much larger bas populations thus the impact of high growth in stage 2 and the early stages of part 3 has been greater
for country's in stage 3 the fall in fertilltiy has also been steeper due to the widespread availability of modern contraception's with high levels of availability
population structures
youthful population
advantages
Lower DR
well literate and Educated population
Large future market
Issues
abundance of future workers may result in unemployment
costs of childcare are high
short term worker shortage
high healthcare costs
spending diverted from other uses
solutions
Privatized education / healthcare
removed child benefits
take greater care of older dependents to reduce death rate in elderly
ageing population
advantages
valuable experience and expertise
less govt spending on schools and childcare
lower crime rates / less police needed
issues
Elderly workers don't have technology skills, get sick easier, can retire at any time and cant work physical jobs
shortage of economically active workers
reduced tax revenue for the government
high pension costs / healthcare for elderly
solutions
increased immigration of economically active
private pensions and healthcare
increase taxes
increase retirement age
Food security
food shortages
causes of food shortages
soil exhaustion - desertification occurs with the overuse of a patch of soil – soil erosion occurs.
Drought: dry period that lasts longer than usual, plants struggle to grow, or as big as normal
Floods: severe flooding can kill an entire crop yield.
Tropical Cyclones: flatten crops, limit export ability.
Pests: insects destroy 25% global crops. Can also destroy stored grain.
Disease: fungal diseases damage stored cereals, and foot-and-mouth disease reduces milk/meat yields.
Low capital investment: poor productivity as a result of poor investment into new technologies.
Poor distribution: rising transport costs, poor infrastructure limits a farmer’s ability to export
Conflict: people stop producing food to flee/fight.
Rising population: grain demand outstrips supply, high BR and falling DR causes population growth.
consequences of shortages
Malnutrition: people unable to work/resist disease. 800 million suffer from chronic malnutrition
Starvation: ultimately leads to death. 30 million die from starvation each year.
Death: 1 million died in Ethiopia. Animals will die too when there is a food shortage.
Aid dependency: farmers can’t sell their food, so stop producing, whole country relies on aid.
Migration: people may move to access food aid, reducing food production capacity.