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War was the greatest cause for change of African American civil rights, : …
War was the greatest cause for change of African American civil rights
WW2 December 11th 1941- September 2nd 1945
Japan bomb pearl harbour on the 7th of December 1941
USA drops the atomic bomb of Hiroshima and Nagasaki effectively ending WW2
WW1 April 6 1917- November 11th 1918
Fort des Moines
It was a military training camp specifically for Black soldiers
Statistics
approximately 367,710 were drafted
roughly 400,000 served
more than 200,000 served overseas
estimated 750 died
roughly 5,000 wounded
roughly 42,000 saw combat
369th infantry men 'Harlem Hellfighters'
refused permission to participate in farewell parade of New York's National Guard known as the 'Rainbow division' due to the fact that 'Black in not a colour in the rainbow'
originally name the 'Black rattlers'
Private Henry Johnson
He was a soldier in WW1 who killed 4 germans and injured between 10-20 through hand to hand combat with a bolo knife after running out of grenades and thinking that his fellow soldier was being taken prisoner.
He was not awarded the Purple Heart or disability allowance and his discharge records did not mention his debilitating injuries
Earned the nickname Black death after his actions on May 15th
The French awarded his the French Croix de Guerre along with his fellow soldier Roberts and they were among the first Americans to receive it
Johnson led the 369th victory parade through New York City and former President Theodore Roosevelt named him one of the five bravest Americans to serve in World War I.
This shows the inequality and racism within the military even when the soldiers were heros
They spent more time in continuous combat than any other American unit of its size
They spent 191 days in the front-line trenches
They suffered the most casualties of any other American regiment with more than 1,400 total casualties
The French awarded the croix de guerre to 171 of its members and one to the entire unit as a whole
Called men of Bronze by the French
Cold war
Vietnam war 1954-75
selma to saigon
what was it
proxy war between Russia and US
When Vietnam split into two North and South
North Vietnam wanted to reunite the country under communism and South Vietnam wanted to prevent this.
At the start of the war major groups and organizations like the NAACP supported the wars. However by 1966 the public views were shifting
roughly 275,000 african americans served and more than 7,200 died
SNCC
The SNCC were the first African American civil rights organisation to oppose the war on January 6th 1966
They used the murder of Sammy Younge jr to highlight the inequalities in America and that the government should in fact focus attention and resources on its only country first
Sammy Younge jr was murdered due to trying to use the whites restroom in Tuskegee, Alabama
Due to it being so early on they were accused of being communists and they faced major backlash
“I don’t see how President Johnson can send troops to Vietnam—I don’t see how he can send troops to the Congo—I don’t see how he can send troops to Africa and can’t send troops to Selma” (Reed, “Alabama Police Use Gas”).
Korean war 1950-53
first desegregated army
In 1948 President Harry Truman desegregated the US army
In 1950 there were still many units that were still segregated
The last all black units were disbanded in 1953
All Black units found there origin in the Buffalo hunters
“there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion or national origin.”
Civil war 21st April 1861- 9th of April
The emancipation proclamation
declared that persons hed as slaves within the rebellious states are and henceforward shall be free
54th massachusetts
Context surrounding the civil war
Slavery or not ?
South
The south was an agricultural powerhouse 'noted for its vast farmland, aristocratic-like social structure, and the use of chattel slavery to yield high agricultural profits'
It was directly impacted by slavery as slavery was an unpaid workforce and by abolishing it would mean that they had to be paid causing economic instability
Due to agricultural success may Southerners did not see the need to industrialise so they were stuck in the past
what were white perceptions of blacks in this time
Key figures helping the war
Harriet Tubman
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