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key issue 3 - Coggle Diagram
key issue 3
functionalism
durkheim
- crime is inevitable & functional, universal & normal, but only a certain optimal amount, otherwise anomie will occur
- boundary maintenance = crime shows members of society where the boundaries of right & wrong are through punishing those who go beyond the boundaries
- social solidarity = crime can create cohesion in society through through shared outrage from individuals
merton
- strain theory = clear, culturally-defined goals with clear means to achieve them, but not everyone has the same opportunity to share these goals & values
- anomie = disconjunction between goals & means
- eg = conformists have goals and means, yet innovators have goals but no means eg drug dealer
hirschi
- bonds of attachment theory
- we need to understand what forces maintain conformity for most people in society
- 4 bonds that help bind society together: attachment, commitment, involvement & belief
matza
- young people 'drift' in & out of deviance as part of the normal process of growing up
- use techniques of neutralisation to justify their deviant behaviour
- eg = denial of responsibility
marxism
capitalism causes crime
- generates a selfish mindset (money buys happiness) so products become goal in our lives but not everyone can afford this so turn to crime
- bonger = capitalism encourages greed, thus encouraging criminal behaviour
crime is a reaction to exploitation
- hebdige = w/c crime is a sign of resistance & rebellion, eg youth subcultures
law is biased in favour of the rich
- bourgeoisie criminalise acts that threaten their interests
- hold all power over the state & law making
- chambliss = 1349 vagrancy laws were said to be good for he public, but actually just increased profits
law is selectively enforced
- certain types of crime are more rigourousluy dealt with than others
- sutherland = those who committed white-collar crime got away with it
interactionism
becker
- acts are only deviant because society deems them to be
- a label applies to those who are caught which leads to a deviant career (opportunities are blocked, so leads to further deviance)
- can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy & label can become their master status
lemert
- societal reaction to behaviour is more significant than the behaviour itself
- primary deviance = deviant acts that aren't publicly labelled
- if behaviour is repetitive & highly visible, it will begin to affect the individual's self-concept
goffman
- when a label becomes a master status, it changes & replaces their identity
- proved this with prison inmates - they fear being released & losing their new identity, so often go to great lengths to remain inside
- therefore, some institutions reinforce rather than reduce deviance
chambliss
- the same criminal/deviant act can be committed but can be responded to in different ways
- his study of saints & roughnecks proved this - saints were excused, but roughnecks seen as bad & prosecuted more often
- labels lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy
feminism
chivalry thesis
- pollack = men are taught to be chivalrous towards women
- women are protected by this chivalrous factor
lack of opportunities
- women traditionally defined to the domestic sphere, so had less opportunity to indulge in criminal behaviour
- however, is argued to be changing
- wilkinson = women are just as likely as men to engage in white-collar crime
sex-role theory
- sutherland = children are socialised into clear gender roles which influence their potential for criminal behaviour
- female roles = caring, passivity & domesticity
- therefore, lack the values associated with criminal behaviour
social control
- heidensohn = women are more closely controlled & supervised in society than males are
- carlen = crimes more likely to be committed by women who hadn't been offered class' gender deals
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subculturalism
miller
- saw the w/c socialised into deviant subcultural values known as 'focal concerns'
- trouble, toughness, excitement, smartness, fatalism, autonomy
cohen
- youths rebound from conventional failure (eg school) & develop status frustration
- therefore, they choose a delinquent subculture to gain this status, eg anti-school subculture
cloward & ohlin
- lower w/c delinquents share their own deviant subcultural values
- 3 types of delinquent subcultures = criminal, conflict & retreatist
- eg = conflict is violence to defend territory
realism
left
young
- society excludes increasing numbers of people & there's a link between social exclusion & crime
- economic exclusion leads to social exclusion & in turn crime
- creates a culture of fear, which can lead to scapegoating
lea & young = 3 key factors which influence crime levels
- relative deprivation = feel this when comparing themselves to other members of society
- marginalisation = outside groups have minimal representation in society
- subcultures = provides forms of relief from relative deprivation
matthews & young = 'square of crime' -
crime arises at an intersection - must supplement with role of public opinion for example
right
wilson = rational choice theory
- after weighing up risks & rewards, people make a rational choice to commit crime
- eg = covid regulations with fine of £50-100 - low risk, high reward
wilson & kellings = broken windows theory
- once communal barriers have broken down, deviance can happen anywhere
- maintaining appearance of an area is key to upholding law & order
wilson & hernstein
- some people are biologically predisposed to crime
- these 'criminal traits' will be heightened if they lack proper socialisation, eg single parent families
new right
murray
- underclass exists who lack socialisation into norms & values by predominantly lone parents
- this leads them to crime & deviance
- shadow economies = young males lack motivation provided by father figures, so look to earn through these, eg drug dealing
murray & herrnstein = correlation between low iq and criminality - people with low iq are more likely to commit crime