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45 - GB in the 18C - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 2) 1702 - Q Anne. Last of Stuarts. 1707 - Act of Union with Scotland - start of UK. 1701-13- War of Spanish Succession. Ended with Treaty of Utrecht 1713 - resulted in expansion of Britain's role in slave trade. Britain granted rights to transport 4800 slaves per year to colonies in Sp America & gained Gibraltar & Minorca.
        
        3) Anne dies 1714. Succeeded by 2nd cousin George I (Anne had closer (Cath)( relatives but the Act of Settlement 1701 barred Caths. from inheriting throne. 1715 Jacobite Rising - Cath. James Edward Stuart - half bro of Anne (+son of deposed James II) attempted to depose George I & replace him. Defeated by Whigs.
        
        4) George I b. Hanover. Never learnt Eng. no interest in Eng affairs. Delegated govt to Whig Robert Walpole. Succeeded by G II 1727 - bit more 'English' but still relied on Walpole.
        
        5) Period of instability but also consolidation of Empire. 7 Years War 1756-63 - saw Britain gain Fr Canada, Tobago & Senegal & est. supremacy in India. Huge expansion of slave trade in 18C - by 1790 almost half a million enslaved in Br colonies. Sugar/Rum etc being imported to Eng fuelled increase in consumerism. Also 'discovery' of Australia 1770 - added enormous territory to Empire. Am Rev 1775-83 (Exacerbated the Irish Q - was administered y a Viceroy but Irish wanted free trade, legislative power etc - ended up being incorporated into UK 1801. Fr Rev 1789-99 - led to tensions in Brit.
  - - - 2) Ind Rev key - give overview. Improvements in transport system - roads, canals & trains. Rapid pop growth esp after 1760 (↑cleanness, medicine, vegetable consumption etc) Agricultural Rev (mid 1700s to late 1800) migration from country to city. Inventions - spinning Jenny etc. 1769 James Watt steam engine.
      - 3) Cotton industry - starting point. Open fields to enclosures with E.A. 1773. Led to ↑ in productivity - farming for commerce not subsistence.
        
        Ind. Rev led to huge changes in class system. Rise of m/c & expansion of new w/c. Craftsman ↓. M/c - enriched by proceeds from colonies & ind. rev - 1832 enfranchised with Great Reform Bill. W/C - strikes, revolts etc as they fought for basic working rights. 18C saw 1st labour legislation BUT it was to protect the owners - est. of MAX wage! 1st unions end 18C. Women - gained some prominence ↑ journalists & writers. But only identity allowed - that of wife.
        
        5) Slave trade. By 1770 Britain transporting 42,000 slaves every year. 1780s - abolition movt gathered force, ↑ with ideas from Fr Rev. William Wilberforce. Abolition of slave trade 1807, then slavery in 1833 - huge compensation to slave owners - equivalent of £16.5bn today - only paid off in 2015! Slave trade resulted in rise in institution racism (lasting impact until today). Capitalism & slavery developed together
  - - - Science - lots of developments too. Newton - gravity - 1727. Imp. names: Hume, Locke, Pope, Johnson.
        
        4) Huge↑ in consumption of luxury goods. Tea coffee, fine cloth & porcelain from Asia. Explosion on coffee houses. Coffee & cakes sweeten with SUGAR from Caribbean,
- - - - 1722 - Moll Flanders. 'Picaro' story (a series of happy & unhappy episodes in a long life). About an outcast in society of that time.5 marriages, Finally, poverty, which drives her to theft. At end of novel she repents, settles down / lives happily.
        
        True picaresque narrative. Quite superficial - Moll does not dev. as a char. Episodic. THEMES: 1) isolation/abandonment (similar to Rob. Crusoe - stranded on a desert island), 2) money - reflects the new capitalist society. Men are seen as eco necessities rather than romantic interests.3) Poverty - novel reflects the dark side of 18C. Convict ships to Aust, hangings etc. 4) Equality with men - Moll never sees men as superiors. She has strength & self reliance.
  - - - Greatest novel 'Tom Jones' 1749. Fielding aimed to describe the contradictions of society & how it was unfair & unjust. Engaging picaresque tale about adventures of Tom - Highly original & deeply comic - breaks away from Richardson's epistolary technique to compose his narrative in the 3rd person. Johnson described it as a 'dangerous distraction'
  - - - Pamela 1740. Considered by many as being the 1st Eng Novel as (more than Defoe/Swift) it was concerned with the representation of inner life. Also had a single, unified plot. Epistolary novel, in 1st person narrative. Results in subjectivity - reader is enclosed with the consciousness of a character & sees everything through their eyes.
        
        Richardson had a huge impact on later novelists. Introduced analysis of emotion, introspection, belief in values of emotion & feeling. Readers could identify with heroes & heroines.
  - - - It was a radical experiment & is 1 of the most entertaining novels in Eng lit. Obscene, preposterous & infuriating, the opposite of what a novel should be! Rambling patchwork of anecdotes centred on the relatives of Tristram. Filled with allusions to leading thinkers of 17 & 18 Cs - Pope, Locke, Swift. 1st writing that uses stream of consciousness device (to be dev.ed later by VW, JJ): Deliberately left some blank pages in the novel, to reflect the absurd life of the character & the lack of consistent plot. Distorted narrative - rows of asterisks, dashes etc. Omniscient third-person narrative
  - - - Frances Burney - 'Evelina or the History of a Young Lady's Entrance into the World'
        
        Eliza Hayward - Memoirs of a Certain Island
        
        Mary Wollstonecraft - A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) - 1 of earliest works of feminine philosophy, 1st great manifesto of women's rights
        
        Elizabeth Montagu's Essay on the Writings and Genius of Shakespeare (1769)
  - - - 1) A voyage to Lilliput. 1st voyage, after shipwreck. Gulliver is prisoner on an island of tiny ppl. Satirical depictions of Whigs & Tories, even mocking G II.
        
        2) A voyage to Brobdingnag - land of giants. Gulliver represents the pettiness of European citizens. Gul. talked to the king & gave a historical account of the time. King said humans must be 'the most pernicious race of little vermin'.
        
        3. Voyage to Laputa. Directed against scientists & philosophers of the time. Satirical. Reflects his opinion that, whilst agric. tech had improved etc, poor ppl still lacked clothes & food.
        
        4) Voyage to the Houyhnhnms. Gull find there are no humans, just animals. 2 types: yahoos - dirty, brutish animals that resemble humans & Houyhnhnms - rational & wise horses. Reflects satire against mankind.
  - - - Also can see rise of trends of literary criticism - eg debates between Pope & Montagu