ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS ANTIBIOTICS are substances produced by microorganisms, which selectively suppress the growth of or kill other microorganisms at very low concentrations

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS ANTIBIOTICS are substances produced by microorganisms, which selectively suppress the growth of or kill other microorganisms at very low concentrations

B. TYPE OF ORGANISMS

C. SPECTRUM OF ACTIVITY

B. TYPE OF ORGANISMS

D. TYPE OF ACTION

E. NATURAL SOURCES OF ANTIBIOTICS

A.CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

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1. ANTIBACTERIAL: Penicillins, Aminoglycosides, Erythromycin, Fluoroquinolones, etc.

2. ANTIFUNGAL: Griseofulvin, Amphotericin B, Ketoconazole, etc.

3. ANTIVIRAL: Acyclovir, Amantadine, Zidovudine, etc.

4. ANTIPROTOZOAL: Chloroquine, Pyrimethamine, Metronidazole, Diloxanide, etc.

5. ANTHELMINTIC: Mebendazole, Pyrantel, Niclosamide, Diethyl carbamazine, etc.

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NARROW-SPECTRUM Penicillin G Streptomycin Erythromycin

BROAD-SPECTRUM Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol

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PRIMARILY BACTERIOSTATIC Sulfonamides Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Erythromycin Clindamycin Linezolid Ethambutol

PRIMARILY BACTERICIDAL Penicillins Cephalosporins Aminoglycosides Vancomycin Polypeptides Fluoroquinolones Cotrimoxazole Metronidazole Rifampin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide

BACTERIA Polymyxin B Tyrothricin Colistin Aztreonam Bacitracin

ACTINOMYCETES Aminoglycosides Macrolides Tetracyclines Polyenes Chloramphenicol

FUNGI Penicillin Griseofulvin Cephalosporin

CLASSIFICATION

F.MECHANISM OF ACTION

CAUSE LEAKAGE FROM CELL MEMBRANES Polymyxin, Colistin, Bacitracin,Amphotericin-B

INHIBIT DNA GYRASE Fluoroquinolones - Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin,etc.

CAUSE MISREADING OF mRNA → AFFECT PERMEABILITY Aminoglycosides - Streptomycin, Gentamicin, etc

INTERFERE WITH DNA FUNCTION Rifampicin

INHIBIT PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Erythromycin Clindamycin Linezolid

INTERFERE WITH INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM Sulfonamides, Sulfones, Trimethoprim, Pyrimethamine, Paraaminosalicylic Acid (PAS), Metronidazole

INHIBIT CELL WALL SYNTHESIS Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Monobactams, Carbapenems, Vancomycin, Cycloserine, Bacitracin

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18. OTHERS: Rifampin, Spectinomycin, Sod. fusidate, Cycloserine, Viomycin, Ethambutol, Clofazimine, Griseofulvin

17. AZOLE DERIVATIVES: Miconazole, Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, Fluconazole.

16. POLYENE ANTIBIOTICS: Nystatin, Amphotericin-B, Hamycin.

15. NICOTINIC ACID DERIVATIVES: Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethionamide.

14. NITROIMIDAZOLES: Metronidazole, Tinidazole, etc.

13. NITROFURAN DERIVATIVES: Nitrofurantoin, Furazolidone.

12. POLYPEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS: Polymyxin, Colistin, Bacitracin, Tyrothricin.

11. OXAZOLIDINONE: Linezolid.

10. GLYCOPEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS: Vancomycin, Teicoplanin.

9. LINCOSAMIDE ANTIBIOTICS: Lincomycin, Clindamycin.

8. MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS: Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, etc.

7. AMINOGLYCOSIDES: Streptomycin, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Neomycin, etc.

6. NITROBENZENE DERIVATIVE: Chloramphenicol.

5. TETRACYCLINES: Oxytetracycline, Doxycycline, etc.

4. Β-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Monobactams, Carbapenems.

3. QUINOLONES: Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin,etc.

2. DIAMINOPYRIMIDINES: Trimethoprim, Pyrimethamine.

1. SULFONAMIDES AND RELATED DRUGS: Sulfadiazine and others, Sulfones—Dapsone (DDS), Paraaminosalicylic acid (PAS).