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Hispanic kingdoms in the 17th century - Coggle Diagram
Hispanic kingdoms in the 17th century
In the 17th century, Hispanic dominance
Was broken
There was a series of economic and social problems in the Hispanic kingdoms
The kings during this period were therefore known as the Austrias menores
The Political situation
Hispanic 17th-century monarchs introduced a new way of governing
Appointing validos
These were the king’s favourites, and they were delegated power over government matters
The monarchs appointed several validos during each reign, but the most important ones were
The Duke of Lerma under Felipe III (1598–1621)
During he's time as a valido (1598–1618)
Spain made peace with England (1603), and the Twelve Years’ Truce with the Dutch Republic (1609) was agreed upon
He was accused of using his power to make himself, his family and collaborators rich, and was dismissed
The Count-Duke of Olivares under Felipe IV (1621–1665)
He's time in government (1622–1643)
Was much less stable
The aim of his international and domestic policy
To revive the monarchy’s prestige, maintain its dominance in Europe
Promote the Counter-Reformation
Centralise its power
The Reign of Felipe IV
THE CATALAN REVOLT
The Principality of Cataluña became independent, and then requested France’s help
The conflict ended in 1659
When Spain regained control of the Principality, although the County of Rosellón was ceded to France
THE PORTUGUESE REVOLUTION
The Portuguese nobility took advantage of the Catalan Revolt to proclaim John IV of Portugal king in 1640
This started a war that resulted in the independence of Portugal and its empire in 1668
SEPARATISTS CONSPIRACIES
Plots by the nobility to separate Andalucía and Aragón (1641) from Spain were uncovered
Territories lost by the Hispanic Monarchy
Losses in America
In parallel with the conspiracies and revolts in Europe during the 17th century
Hispanic and Portuguese territories in America were lost to enemies of their monarchies
Carlos II (1661–1700)
Had also a series of validos
Although numerous European territories were lost to France during Carlos II’s reign
The kingdoms of the Crown of Aragón and the territories of the Cantabrian coast began to recover economically
However, the rest of Castilla did not
Castilla was the economic pillar of the monarchy, so this failure to recover was particularly devastating
There was also a problem of succession
Carlos II had no children
At the end of his reign, the candidates to succeed him were
Philip of Anjou (grandson of Louis XIV)
Charles of Austria (son of Emperor Leopold I)
Carlos II chose Philip of Anjou as his successor
Triggering the War of the Spanish Succession (1700–1713)
The socio-economic situation
Society
Golden Age literature and art
Provide an excellent insight into the different social groups in Hispanic kingdoms
Pícaros and mendigos
Survived off charity, by being servants and by robbing or scamming people
Economic problems and various plague epidemics throughout the century
Increased the number of disadvantaged people
Poor hidalgos
Impoverished members of the lower nobility who refused to work
Bandits or outlaws
Worked in gangs, sometimes with noblemen, to rob people on the road
The expulsion of the moriscos
During Felipe III’s reign
The policy of religious uniformity begun by the Catholic Monarchs was fully implemented
With the expulsion of the moriscos (1609–1614)
Motivated by fear that this group would ally with Berber pirates
Creating instability on the Peninsula
To protect the prestige of a monarchy that presented itself as a defender of Catholicism
The moriscos made up a considerable proportion of the population
In the kingdoms of Valencia, Aragón, Andalucía and particularly in feudal estates
They specialised in irrigated agriculture
Many noblemen were opposed to their expulsion
They were given financial compensation in exchange
Their expulsion had severe repercussions in the territories where they lived
It took a long time for the population and agricultural yields to recover
