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Emotional INTELLIGENCE - Coggle Diagram
Emotional INTELLIGENCE
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METHOD USED FOR A SYSTEMATIC
REVIEW OF EI TRAINING STUDIES
Literature search. Relevant studies
published until June 2016 (1,135 articles)
Studies were included in the review
if they met the following criteria
The study must be presented as an intervention testing increases in EI as a primary outcome, and must contain at least one EI measure as the dependent variable
. The intervention must involve face-to-face training with a teacher/instructor (not just a software or an Internet device).
The study should aim at improving EI as a whole, rather than just one dimension (e.g., facial emotion recognition).
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The sample must be comprised of adults (i.e., all child or adolescents studies were excluded).
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Work-Related Outcomes: the link between EI and performance remains unclear.
Academic-Related Outcomes: In the two studies assessing teaching performance, there was no significant
result related to teaching efficacy or teachers’ empathy.
The analysis of the EI development literature shows that the number of studies has increased in the last few years
The question of whether EI is an ability (Salovey & Grewal, 2005) or rather an emotional personality trait (Petrides, Pita, & Kokkinaki, 2007) is an ongoing debate in the field of EI.
Among all studies, nine measured EI with an ability test and 37 used trait-like measures.
Of the 37 studies using trait-like measures, the measure that was most used was the EQ-i.
the studies we report on used more than 20 different measures and since it would be inappropriate to combine results from different measures when it is not clear that they measure exactly the same construct, our conclusions will therefore have to be tentative.
Psychological and Physical Health: All these studies found improvements in the EI intervention condition. These promising findings suggest that increasing various aspects of EI often has meaningful results on psychological health and that the effects of EI on physical health are worth further investigation
Relationship-Related Outcomes: only three studies have investigated, with success, the impact of EI. Given the importance of social relationships and social support in well-being, more research in this area would be beneficial
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Limitations and Recommendations Related to Research Reporting
It recommends the use of tools designed for reporting trials, such as the CONSORT checklist,
to ensure common standards in designing and reporting studies
Future Directions
Effect of the Participant Characteristics: Correlational studies have found that the development of EI is related to age and gender. Lower levels of baseline EI correspond to greater improvements; participants with a high initial level of EI may not even experience significant changes. Ethnic origins and cultural differences could also impact EI improvement
Effect of the Intervention Format: EI improvement may occur only after a sustained effort, but further investigation is needed to answer this question
Effect of Expectations: Active participation may also be a moderator of the efficacy of an intervention. Participation may be linked to motivation and expectations, so controlling for these features in future research could provide useful information
Clinical Applications: Correlational studies have shown an important relationship between EI and both psychological and physical health. Given that EI is known to moderate both subjective and endocrine responses to stressors, EI interventions may be tested as a tool to prevent and treat work burnout and chronic stress.