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Debates Paper 3 case studies (Geography OCR A-Level) - Coggle Diagram
Debates Paper 3 case studies (Geography OCR A-Level)
Natural Hazards
VOLCANOES
MONTSERRAT (LIDC)
background
relies on UK aid
volcano was dormant for 200 years
destructive plate boundary -> volcanic island arc
impacts
ash falls meant roofs collapsed
Pyroclastic flows - 19 people died from the 1st one, destroyed the airport and buried the city of Plymouth
Plymouth buried in over 10m of lahars and ash
Endangered animals reduced
Contamination of water - diseases
lack of housing - 50 people for 1 toilet
Evacuations from 'exclusion zones' to the North of Montserrat however, people returned during a 'quiet phase' = more deaths on next eruption (5,000 people evacuated/living temporarily)
7,000 people evacuated to UK and neighbouring island
management
UK government spent £100 million
assisting them - riots broke out as
not enough to help
Used hazard mapping to show
residents safe areas - southren area
MVO set up permanent monitoring
stations in island
ETNA (AC)
impacts
lava flows, didn't move fast, destroyed crops, land and buildings -> tried to be controlled with tunnels and channels (didn't know)
tourist jobs and livelihoods lost (vineyards and skiing)
lava flows destroyed ski life, olive groves and orange orchards
earthquakes damaged buildings
lahars mixed with ash, snow, ice on the summit
ash cloud caused air traffic to be diverted, closure of buildings
Tephra fell, ash covered airport of Catania - had to be closed
management
US marines used explosives for diversion channels, dropped concrete channels to slow down lava
built earth barrier to contain lava along with embankment
Italian government pledged financial support of more than $8 million and tax breaks
sprayed water on lava to solidify
Insitiute of Volcanology monitors volcano with hazard mapping
background
more than 25% of Sicily's population live on Etna's slope
Main source is agriculture as the soil is fertile
destructive margin (oceanic-continental) with a low silica content (less violent) due to slab window
EARTHQUAKES
HAITI, 2010 (LIDC)
impacts
corrupt government
poor planning and awareness (panic, no emergency plan)
Port damaged (hard to aid in, lack of coordination = UN lost personnel)
lots of rubble remained uncleared for months, can't develop - no buildings
lots of homeless people in temporary tents, camps where high levels of crime and assault
3 million people affected
70% of buildings in the capital collapsed
management
lots of aid, however, coordination was bad
background
death toll estimated: 200,000
haven't had a major earthquake since 200 years ago
poorest country in western hemisphere
strikes lip fault - North American under Caribbean plate
JAPAN, 2010 (AC)
impacts
cost £181 million (most expensive disaster in history)
90% of death from drowning (older population)
contaminated water from tsunami -> went over tsunami wall
Nuclear failure as cooling system failed and damaged by the water
management
building design e.g. rubber tyre shock absorbers in foundations, steel cross frames, fire proofing older Japanese buildings
land use zoning
tsunami warning systems
education and training for all ages
mitigation strategies by researching, monitoring and disaster planning
background
9.0 - largest earthquake since 1900
400 everyday usually
Tsunami was secondary consequence where 100 billion cubic metres of water was displaced
Food Supply
human and physical factors have caused food security
INDIA
dryland area
SAHEL
one physical environment that is/has been impacted by food production methods
LAND DEGRADATION OF THE STEPPE, CHINA
case studies of 2 places at contrasting levels of economic development -> impacts of poor food security on people
KENYA
THE USA
strategies and techniques that have been used to ensure or improve food security ACHIEVING FOOD SECURITY
CUBA
UK
food production methods techniques in an extreme environment
THE ARCTIC