paper 2

major HIC city in the world-logos

importance

regional- transport hub with airports

national- 50% industry in nigeria

international- hub of global business like shell

growth and why

to 15 million

rural to urban migration

uthfull population

opportunity's/ challenges

social- 68% people secondary school educated, 12 million with drinking water, 80% rely on desiel energy.

economic- eco Atlantic provides 150,000 jobs, easy access to informal econmomy

economic- 40% in informal economy, lots of unemployment,

social- 60% live in slums, 10% access to safe water, no toilets, many kids work instead of school

managing environmental issues

olusoun landfill site, 13% recycled

lots of traffic congestion

bus rapid transport scheme, 200,000 a day

integrated transport system

urban planning

makoko floating school, 60 people per lesson

enviromentally sustainable

cheap

2016 destroyed in storm

major uk city- London

importance

nationally- 800,000 commute per day, generates 30% London GDP

internationally- 30 million tourists yearly, global hub of trade, HSBC head offices

impacts of migration

higher diversity, Tina town, little Italy and luna new year

opportunities in london

Tate modern, British museum for art and entertainment

Buckingham palace and Big Ben

30% uks GDP earned in London, lots of work

Transport schemes

borris bikes

underground

black cabs

Challenges of urban growth

2020, 2.5 million in poverty

housing price rise

no equality in exam grades

exposure to pollution, health threat

gap between rich and poor

more building on green sites

building on brownfield and greenfeild sites

brownfield - more sustainable, stops city ex[anding, gas and electricity are already available

green sites- cheap, easy acesss to motorways, more garden space

UK food

regeneration of olympic park

pros

social- unemployment fell over olympic park, 40% houses were affordable

economic- Stratford tube station

environmental- 25% recycled materials made it, elizabeths park created

cons

social- after olympic period, jobs lost again

economic- fish smoking factory, move out forced, 5 billion over budget

envrimental- 33million tons co2

LIC use

positive- wages and income, more tax for schools and hospitals

negative- les land for own crop growth, more water insecutiry

organic produce

grown using natural pesticides and fertilisers, less environmental damage, no drugs

Uk carbon footprint

Changing economic world

UK food energy and water

Uk energy

17% all emissions

heating to climatiza plants- carbon footprint

agrobuissnesses

run by large companies to increase production

UK water

reasons for more demand

population increase

more wealth

shower+ bath

areas of deficit/surplus

East due to the high population but low rainfall

west has high rainfall

water stress- not enough water to meet demands

causes of water pollution

pesticides anf fertilizers

sewage pumps

effects of water pollution

kill aquatic life, euthrophication

UK government closed all coal mines

gas+ oil

reserves in North Sea

wealth provide jobs

Rely on international import- russia

how is it managed

waste water treatment centre

sewage investment

renewables=1/5

nuclear 1/6

fossil fuel majority

whys essential

food- jobs, healthy life, survival

water- survive, jobs in manufactor,

energy-education, scientific development, jobs

measures of development

Gross national income- total value of goods and services a year

Gross domestic product- without overseas income

Human development index- involves life expectancy, education, income per head

demographic transition model

inaffective as it dosennt showing inequalities in country

causes of uneven devlopment

shows the death rate and birth rate effect on population

physical- poor climate, few raw materials, lots of natural hazards

conflict and war

economic - poor trade links, debt, focus on primary goods

consequences of it- wealth inequalities, worse health and international migration

how to reduce the devlopment gap

aid to help them financially

debt relief reduces finical barriers

fair trade ensures local communities are aided

tourism provides money

example of toruism on devlopment- Tunisia

why?- mediteranian summer with almost 40c, easily accessible by low cost airlines, TUI for package holidays

negative effects

water intensive so water inequalities

seasonal jobs, economic ineqaulities

rural migration

positive effects

900 million dollars to economy

370,000 jobs

9 airports

multiplier effect, money spent on locals runs through

13% increase on literacy rates

UK

Deindustrilization reasons

cost of production

lots of opposition

investment decline

golbalization- 60,000 TNC, transport and internet improvements

ICT- 1.3 million jobs on it, more trade and oversea investment

post industrial economy

over 2 milion, 10% gdp

research provides 3bn income

science parks provide 75000 jobs

torr quai- Somerset

15 million to economy, employs 100

sustainable by- uses rail to transport, monitor water quality

Cambridge science [ark- health care for people, invests to comunitee, 7250 employees

south cambrishere as socio-economic change rural area

outer herridies

50% population decline

axing population

water transport is costly

devlopment in infrastructure

15bn road investment scheme

Liverpool 2 - the new port

3rd runway in Heathrow

north south divide why

coal mines abolished, loss of jobs I n north

strategies to reduce n s divide

northern powerhouse 2015

enterprise zones to set up jobs like Sunderland

nigeria

40 TNC operate in Nigeria

advantage- investment, money into cumminitee, trains locals

disadvantage- management to foreign people, poor working conditions

shell

nIGERDELTA FIRST OIL EXPLOITATION

6000 direct impact,

20,000 indirectly impacted

advatnges

economic- 20 bn 2013

social- shell foundation investment

environmental- try to clean after spillage

disadvantages

economic- leaked profits to other countries

social- crimes against Ogani people

environmental- Bodo 2008 oil spill

changing industrial structure

largest economy in Africa

51% in agriculture

oil and gas is 95% export earnings

political and trading relationships

political

commonwealth

political role in Africa

12bn from china for railway

trading

main imports are Europe and USA and china

crude oil export

international aid-

UK give 300 million annually

overseas aid given

affect of quality of life

life expectancy from 46 to 52

living conditions betterl

less infant mortality