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(adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, pancreas…
adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
adrenal glands are triangular tissues sitting on top of each kidney, outer region is the adrenal cortex made of glandular tissues, inside is adrenal medulla composed of nervous tissue
adrenal cortex-mineralcorticoid-aldosterone
adrenal cortex, angiotensin 2, atrial natriuretic peptide, potassium in blood, kidney tubules-increase na reabsorption to increase water reabsoprtin to inctease blood volume and pressure
glucocorticoid-ac, acth, almost every tissue like muscle, liver, immune tissues, fat-glucoeogenesis, increase fat and protein breakdown, increase glucose blood level and reduce inflammation and suppress immune function
when stressed for long period of time, suppress immunity and increase appetite
androgen, ac, acth, every tissue, increase female sex drive, growth of pubic and armpit hair
adrenal medulla-epinephrine and norepinephrine, am, sympathetic ns, heart, blood, adipose tssue, liver, increase heart rate, increase blood flow to skeletal muscles and heart increase fat breakdown and glycogen breakdonw to increase blood glucose
hypothalamus
ant pit
tropic-hormones target other endocrine glands to produce hormones
adrenocorticotropic stimulating gland
ant pit, hypothalamus, adrenal cortex, stimulate release of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex which are anti inflammatory
thyroid stimulating gland
ant pit, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, stimulate release of thyroid hormones
follicle stimujlating gland
ant pit, hypothalamus GnRH, follicles in ovaries and seminiferous tubules in the testes, follicale maturation and spermatogenesis
luteinizing gland
ant pit, hypothalamus GnRH, ovaries and testes, promote ovulation and testosterone synthesis and secretion
non-tropic hormone-directly stimulate target cell to produce response
prolactin
ant pit, hypothalamic prolactin releasing hormone, mammry glands, milk production and development of mammary gland
melanocyte stimulating hormone
growth hormone
ant pit, hypothalamus, almost every tissue like bone, muscles
muscle and bone growth
post pit made of nervous itssue
oxytocin-neuronal
post pit, stretching of uterine wall and suckling by infant, uterus, unterine contraction and milk letdown
adh-neuronal
post pit, osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, kiidney distal tubule and collecting duct, blood vessels, increase water reabsorption in the distal tubule and vasoconstrixtion
hormones secretion are controlled by hormone-releasing and release-inhibitory hormones
thyroid gland
two types of thyroid hormones
thyroid gland, tsh, almost every tissue, increase metabolism rate, essential for normal growth and development
t3 is triiodothyronine
t4 is thyroxine
2 lobes on each side of the trachea
calcitonin, thyroid gland, high blood Ca2+, bones, decrease rate of bone breakdown
pancreas
diabetes mellitus-high blood glucose when cells cannot take up and metabolise glucose-damage to retina and kidney
type 1 does not produce enough insulin
type 2 does not respond to insulin
loss of body tissue, ketosis and acidosis
mixed gland, islets of pancreas contain both endocrine and exocrine glands, located below stomach
insulin-beta cells
insulin, bt from iop, high blood glucose, parasympathetic ns, every tissue, increase cellular uptake of glucose, increase glucose oxidation for atp, excess glucose stored as glycogen or fat, lower blood glucose
glucagon-alpha cells
low blood glucose and sympathetic ns, liver, gluconeogenesis, convert glycogen and fat to glucose, increas blood glucose
parathyroid gland
masses of glandular tissue on the posterior surface of thyroid glands, 2 per lobe
pth, pth gland, low Ca2+ conc, bones and kidney, increase rate of bone breakdown, increase formation of mature vit D, increase reabsorption of ca2+ in rhe kidey distal tubule
growth and maturation, regulated chemical compositon in blood, regulate immune function, regulate reproductive function, uterine contraction and milk release,