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organic chemistry - Coggle Diagram
organic chemistry
crude oil
crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that can be separated by fractional distillation, with each fraction consists of hydrocarbons of similar chain lengths
fractional distillation
The molecules in each fraction have similar properties and boiling points, which depend on the number of carbon atoms in the chain with the size and length of each hydrocarbon molecule determining which fraction it will be separated into
crude oil is heated in a furnace and evaporates. the vapours pass into the fractionating column which is hottest at the bottom and coolest at the top (temp gradient). long hydrocarbons have high boiling points so they cool down and condense towards the bottom of the column. shorter hydrocarbons rise up the column as gases and condense at different heights
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fuel is a substance that, when burned, releases heat energy
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carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide is a toxic and odourless gas which can cause dizziness, loss of consciousness and eventually death as it reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
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sulfur dioxide
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When these contaminated fossil fuels are combusted, the sulfur in the fuels get oxidised to sulfur dioxide
acid rain
The sulfur dioxide produced from the combustion of fossil fuels dissolves in rainwater droplets to form sulfuric acid and nitrogen dioxide produced from car engines reacts with rain water to form a mixture of nitrous and nitric acids, both of which contribute to acid rain
cracking
fractional distillation produces mare long-chained hydrocarbons than are required but the demand for short-chained hydrocarbons is much larger, causing a supply and demand problem
cracking is a thermal decomposition reaction in which the long chained hydrocarbons are heated and passed over an alumina catalyst. this causes the hydrocarbon to break down, producing a shorter alkane and and alkene
alkenes
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reactions with bromine
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equations
alkane + bromine → 1,2 - dibromalkane
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alkene or alkane test
the test for the presence of a C=C bond in an alkene molecule is to shake the suspected alkene with bromine water
if the bromine water goes colourless, a C=C bond is present, if it stays orange, the molecule doesn't contain a C=C bond
alkanes
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reaction
In a substitution reaction, one atom is swapped with another atom
Alkanes undergo a substitution reaction with halogens in the presence of ultraviolet radiation
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The products belong to a family called halogenoalkanes or haloalkanes
Halogenoalkanes have many uses a solvents, refrigerants, propellants and pharmaceuticals