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Cellular respiration - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Solid wastes (not part of the excretory system)
        
        Faeces (undigested material). It is removed from digestive tract and is expelled through the anus. Removal of solid wastes is called elimination. (digestive system)
      - Liquid wastes
        
        Urine. Removal of liquid wastes is from the excretory (urinary) system.
      - Gaseous wastes
        
        Carbon dioxide is removed from the body by exhalation through the lungs (respiratory system).
  - - - Takes about 18 hrs to produce 1L of urine
      - Kidneys made of a large number of subunits - nephrons. These nephrons filter the blood and removes waste products so that toxic substances do not accumulate
    - - Has a sac-like structure with muscular walls that holds urine until it is expelled from the body during urination.
      - The bladder receives urine through two ureters – one from each kidney –that enter through openings called ureteric orifices.
      - The urinary bladder can hold up to 600 ml of liquid.
    - - Ureter is a small tube, about 25 cm long, that carries urine from renal pelvis in kidney to bladder
    - - The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter.
    - - A hollow tube that lets urine leave your body. It empties urine from the bladder.
  - - - Mainly Urine
    - - Mainly Feces
- - - - Divided into 2 sections -> nasal passages. Air moves through these passages during breathing. The nasal passages filter + warm the air, & make it moist before it goes into the lungs.
      - Nostrils in your nose blocks dust & other particles from entering your lungs by cilia (nose hair)
- - - - Bones
        
        Bone Marrow
        
        Makes our red and white blood cells
        
        living tissue - includes cells, blood vessels, and nerves
        
        2 types of bones
        
        Appendicular bones
        
        Helps you move
        
        Axial bones
        
        Keeps you upright
      - Tendons
        
        Connects muscles to bone
        
        tough fibrous tissue
        
        When a muscle contracts, it pulls on a tendon which pulls on a bone - this allows us to move
      - Ligaments
        
        Holds bone to bone
        
        Where two bones meet there is a joint e.g. knuckles, elbows
        
        To prevent bones from grinding against each other in a joint, there is cartilage covering the two ends, forming a smooth, slippery surface.
    - - Muscles
        
        Muscles are attached to the ends of bones, either directly or by tendons
        
        Muscles provide the forces which are needed to move the bones and therefore our bodies.
        
        Always a pulling force
        
        Muscles work in pairs
        
        One pulling bones one way, the other pulling the bone back the other way
      - Voluntary muscles
        
        Voluntary muscles can be controlled by our conscious thought e.g. throwing a ball
      - Involuntary muscles
        
        Involuntary muscles, like those that control the beating of the heart, do not require conscious thought to make them move even though their action is still controlled by the nervous system
  - - - Heart + lungs -> respiratory system
      - Spinal cord + brain -> nervous system
- - - - Circulates OXYGEN and removes Carbon Dioxide.
      - Provides cells with NUTRIENTS.
      - Removes the waste products of metabolism to the excretory system for disposal.
      - Protects the body against disease and infection.
      - Clots blood to stops bleeding after injury.
  - - - Left: Aorta, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle
      - Right: Pulmonary artery, superior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle
      - Function
        
        4 chambers: 2 upper - Atria, 2 lower - Ventricles
        
        The chambers fill with blood as the muscle relaxes and contracts -> pumps the blood around the body.
        
        The right side receives blood from the cells of the body that is low in O2 (has been used in respiration by the cells to produce energy for the body). Deoxygenated blood -> heart -> lungs. In the lungs O2 is added to the blood + waste CO2 is removed from the blood -> exhaled by lungs.
        
        The left side of the heart receives the oxygenated blood from lungs -> pumps it to the cells throughout the body for respiration.
    - - Artery
        
        Arteries transport blood away from the heart
        
        They carry blood, that is pumped from the heart, under high pressure. Their expansion and contraction gives you your pulse.
        
        Thick outer wall, thick layer of muscles & elastic fibres, smooth lumen, smooth lining
      - Vein
        
        Veins transport blood back to the heart
        
        The blood is at lower pressure. They contain one-way valves to stop the blood flowing backwards. The contracting + relaxing of your muscles helps push the blood along.
        
        Fairly thin outer walls, thin layer of muscles & elastic fibres, large lumen, smooth lining
      - Capillary
        
        Capillaries connect arteries and veins with cells of the body
        
        Very small vessels that intertwine with tissues & organs. Gas, nutrients, wastes move between the blood & cells of the body.
        
        Very small lumen, wall made of a single layer of cells
    - - Red blood cell
        
        Transports O2 + nutrients to the lungs & tissues
        
        Transports CO2 to the lungs to be exhaled
        
        Haemoglobin: a protein found in the red blood cells that carries oxygen in your body and gives blood its red colour
      - White blood cell
        
        They protect/help the body fight infections and diseases by engulfing/killing them
      - Platelets
        
        Small, colourless fragments of cells which form fibrous strands to help the blood clot
        
        Stops/prevents excessive bleeding
      - Plasma
        
        Liquid component of blood: clear yellow liquid
        
        Key role in transporting blood cells, nutrients, proteins, waste products, and hormones throughout the body.
        
        Helps your body recover from injury, distributes nutrients, removes waste and prevents infection
      - function of blood
        
        Blood carries waste products like urea from the cells to the kidneys to be excreted.
        
        Blood carries the CARBON DIOXIDE from the cells to lungs to be excreted.
        
        Blood carries GLUCOSE from digestion + OXYGEN from inhaling, to all the cells around the body for RESPIRATION -> cellular respiration (glucose + o2...)
        
        Blood composed of: plasma (just over 50%), red blood cells (just under 50%), remaining (less than 1%) = white blood cells + platelets
- - - - A muscular and stretchable sac. Both mechanical & chemical process / 3-4 hrs
      - 3 main functions
        
        It mixes food with digestive juices & churns + stores food until it can be further digested.
        
        Secretes chemicals - helps break food into more digestible forms.
        
        Controls the passage of food into the small intestine.
      - Food stays 3-4 hours -> moves through another sphincter muscle into the small intestine.
      - Chemical digestion of protein - secretions from stomach lining (2l of hydrochloric acid (HCI), pepsin, other fluids). Fluid = extremely acidic, kills bacteria + pathogens that may have been ingested.
    - - Nearly 7m in length - folded + curled around a small area in the abdominal cavity / 2-6 hrs
      - The inside surfaces of the intestine = covered with villi (finger-like projections) + smaller projections, microvilli. They absorb food molecules (nutrients) that have been broken down.
    - - Main job = remove water from the undigested material, by viilli. The H2O is then returned to the blood stream for other purposes
      - Receives the 'left over' material from chemical digestion (nutrient free). Only water, cellulose & undigestible material are left / 36 hrs
    - - Digestive system begins in the mouth - food is chewed into smaller pieces / 30-60 sec
      - Teeth in the mouth grind, chew and tear different kinds of food
      - Tongue consists of skeletal muscles (voluntary muscles) - move the food around the mouth, more efficient digestion
      - Salivary glands in the back/beneath the tongue secrete saliva for easier swallowing of food - chemical
    - - Oesophagus connects pharynx to stomach. Contractions of oesophagus push the food through a sphincter (ring of smooth muscle), into the stomach / 5-8 sec
    - - Last part of the digestive tract = rectum, a “holding area” for the undigested material. Waste leaves the body from this area.
    - - Liver: Produces bile (which helps digest lipids (oils and fats)).
      - Gall bladder: Small, greenish organ under liver. Stores the bile until secreted to first section of small intestine (duodenum)
      - Pancreas: 3 main functions (to change food into a form that can be used by cells) / 6-8 hrs
      - 1) Produces enzymes - help break down proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
        2) Produces the hormone, insulin, - helps regulate blood glucose levels
        3) Produces sodium bicarbonate - helps to neutralize stomach acids.
    - - Chewed food -> pharynx -> oesophagus. A flap-like valve (epiglottis) closes over the trachea (windpipe) to prevent food entering the windpipe
  - - - Physically breaking the food into smaller pieces. Begins in the mouth - food is chewed.
      - e.g. Teeth in mouth chews food, churning in the stomach
      - Both break down food into smaller molecules / pieces
    - - Breaking down of food into simpler nutrients - used by the cells. Begins in the mouth - food mixes with saliva. Saliva contains an enzyme (amylase) that begins the breakdown of carbohydrates. (Enzymes = proteins that can catalyze certain biochemical reactions).
      - e.g. Saliva in mouth, digestive juices in stomach