Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
criminology ac3.2 - Coggle Diagram
criminology ac3.2
environmental design - can either design crime out, or crime can be attracted to a certain area due to the design
Oscar Newman
defensible spaces: sense of territoriality, surveillance, safe image, protected location. obvious who has the right to be there
indefensible spaces : does not look as though anyone owns there, crime is likely to occur here. high-rise blocks in NY found 55% of all crimes committed occurred in public spaces
surveillance
natural surveillance - features of buildings such as easily viewed entrance lobbies, cul-de,sacs, street level windows
-
safe image
-
safe location - location is key as people isolated from the outside world when living in a crime free area
CPTED
Alice coleman
4100 blocks of flats in London found 3 design features:anonymity. lack of surveillance, easy escape. she recommended no more blocks of flats, each existing block should have private space, overhead walkways to be removed
gated lanes
-
Sidebottom et al
gates reduced burglary rates, provided a physical barrier, broken window theory for open alleys
limitations
some residents may not come together to put them up, what happens to the crime inside gated lanes?
theory
RCT - criminals are rational actors who decide where to commit crime therefore CPTED will make them think twice
-
behavioural tactics
ASBOs
deal with low level anti social behaviour such as vandalism. restrain a person from committing actions that threatened the legal right of another person, breach this = 5 years in prison
-
injunctions and CBO
injunctions
low level annoyance, breach = 2 years for adult
CBOs
serious AS behaviour for those who cause harassment, adult they last 2 years and breach = 5 years
-
-
token ecomony
draws up list of desirable behaviour and when these are shown tokens are given out, undesirable behaviour = privileges taken away. UK = IEPs
effectiveness = only when in prison, hobbs and holt - 125 boys in USA found positive change in behaviour
taken away TV, money could be stopped, solitary confinement
panopticon
prisons can be designed so the guards can see prison cells but the prisoners cannot see the guards. this makes it so they do not know if they are being watched and therefore they always act as though they are being watched
-
dark figure of crime
unreported crime, domestic abuse = fear of further crime, WCC - lack of proof that it happens