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Changing Place, image, image - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Very focused on dissociation from bad pre-existing images. This is typically in relation to high crime, pollution or dereliction
        
        Often achieved through poster/tourism campaigns but can be large scale too
    - - Builds on reimaging but involved more active re-development or marketing. Old negative perceptions are discarded and the aim is to get investment into the area through making it desirable
        
        It is widely accepted the rebranding must start with local and insiders in order to successful
        
        Because it is more extreme than re-imaging, rebranding can often cause conflict between stakeholders as decision about how the place will be represented needs to be made
    - - The most extreme of the techniques - often the most expensive and operates over a long period of time
        
        It aims to reverse urban decline by redeveloping an area
        
        As this is the most extreme it almost always involves conflict with locals. It is often driven by external agents of change
- - - - Experienced Place: a place in which a person has spent time in
      - Media Place: a place which a person has only read about or seen thorough film (doesn't necessarily need to be real)
  - - - Location, topography, physical geography, land use, built environment and infrastructure, demographic and economic characteristic.
    - - Flows of people, captial and investment, resources and ideas.
  - - - Is an abstract noun
      - As an adjective: humans have created to describe a continuous area or expanse which is free, available or unoccupied
- - - - Trade and aid
      - TNCs
      - Capital flow
    - - Migration
      - Social networks
    - - 'Westernization'
      - Cultural diffusion
    - - Trading groups
      - Governmental and global institutions
    - - Higher productivity
      - Transfer to LICs
      - Communication
    - - Impacts and degradation
  - - - Historically most migrants will locate geographically close - creating distinct areas of towns. e.g. China Town in London
  - - - The best example of homogenized places is the increased presence of global chains such as Starbucks in high streets all over the world.
    - - Multi-national companies are increasingly having to adapt to the local marketplace
        
        Also known as "Glocalisation"
        
        Aim to increase profits has led to companies adapting the brand and product to the local marketplace
        
        For example, in Hindu countries beef would be removed from the menus
      - Helping the Independents
        
        Political Globalisation
        
        Improved global cooperation around climate change has driven awareness and demand in consumer societies especially for locally sourced products and goods
        
        Independent shops are recovering better than large chain stores in the wake of Covid-19
        
        Many factors of globalisation facilitated the spread in the first place
        
        Commercial ships waiting outside Shanghai - April 2022
        
        As a result of globalisation supply chains have become very complex and rely on a 'just in time' principle
        
        This can cause delays and product shortages which independents are less likely to face
- - - - Place can be critical to the construction of identity
      - Sense of place is developed in relation of our own home and local geographical area
      - Reading local newspapers, playing sport for a local team or attending a local fayre or event all foster a sense of local place
    - - Demographic
      - Politics
        
        The power of place in political protest has arisen recently in reactions to unpopular regimes and problems associated with capitalism.
        
        In 2011, Tahrir Square in Cairo was the focal point of the Egyptian Revolution against former President Hosni Mubarak and became a symbol for ongoing Egyptian democracy demonstrations.
      - Lived experience
      - Media places
      - Endogenous and exogenous factors
      - Own individual identity
      - Influence of external agencies
      - Religion
        
        At a local level, churches, mosques, synagogues and temples are places where people from the same religions 'identity' come together to worship.
        
        There may also be larger sacred places such as Bethlehem or Mecca where people go on pilgrimages.
        
        Sometimes religious reasons can change a sense of identity
- - - - Good for getting the perspective of an 'insider'. Can give rich, detailed impression of character. Good for showing changes on a smaller scale and emphasizing speed of change.
        
        Maps, graffiti, photos, interviews and poetry
    - - Good for overall impressions, 'the bigger picture' - especially good for representing populations. Good at showing change over larger spatial and time scales.
        
        Demographics, house prices, ethnicity mix and deprivation levels
      - Deprivation Data
        
        Index of Multiple Deprivation
        
        Measures relative deprivation across 7catagories
        
        Health - 13.5%
        
        Education - 13.5%
        
        Crime - 9.3%
        
        Employment - 22.5 %
        
        Income 22.5%
        
        Barriers to housing and services - 9.3%
        
        Living environment - 9.3%
        
        Areas are ranked from 1-32,844 with 1 being the most deprived
        
        Last taken in 2019
        
        Usually updated every 3-4 years
      - Census Data
        
        A once-in-a-decade survey that gives us the most accurate estimate of all the people and households in England and Wales
        
        Taken since 1801. Last taken in 2021
        
        Strengths
        
        Large range of data collected
        
        Consistent and reliable source
        
        Response rate for 2011 census was 94%
        
        Can show change and continuity well as it has been reliably collected every 10 years
        
        Weaknesses
        
        It can become out of date quite quickly
        
        Statistics can easily be manipulated
        
        People may enter false responses
  - - - Strengths
        
        Photographs give a snapshot of what is happening at a particular time
        
        Allows us to see the influence of exogenous factors of a place over time
        
        Allows us to see any continuity over time through endogenous factors
        
        When put with other photos OR other sources, they become more useful
      - Weaknesses
        
        Photographs can be easily edited and/or manipulated
        
        Photographs can be selective in what they show
        
        On their own, photographs are not massively useful
        
        Time of day or weather can influence the reality of them
    - - Maps are simply representations of a place that displace the located characteristics of it. Whilst they are mainly used to locate places, they can influence how we think and feel about or perceive a place.
        
        Maps can have hidden bias and influence
        
        Therefore, it is important to cast a critical eye over the reliability and accuracy of maps as they have often been distorted.
      - The Mercator Map
        
        First used in the 16th century by sailors for navigation
        
        Northern land masses look much bigger than they are in reality
        
        Problems:
  - - - Can be especially descriptive, emotive and reminiscent
        
        This can be really powerful and useful in gauging what a place is like.
    - - Can be used to make a place distinctive
      - Kelpies sculpture of Scotland
        
        The sculptures have regernerated the area, through tourism and international prominence.
    - - Keswick
- - - - Yi-Fu Tuan
        
        Developed the term 'topophilia' to describe the affective bond between people and place and argued that it is through human perception and experience of place.
        
        A place comes into existence when humans give it meaning.
        
        Any time a location is given a name, it is separated from the unidentified space it surrounds.
      - Edward Relph
        
        Argues that the degree of attachment, involvement and concern that a person or group has for a particular place is critical in our understanding of a place.
- - - - 'To be inside a place is to belong to it and identify with it, and the more profoundly inside you are the stronger the identity with the place.' - Relph, 1976
        
        Relph argues that the more time you spend in a place, the more invested in the place you become. Therefore developing more of a sense of ownership of the place.
        
        If you identify with the locals and sense of place positively, you are inevitably averse to change.
        
        NIMBYism
  - - - As the politics of the UK and other countries becomes more focused on immigration, there is a greater need to understand the notion of place in the production of insiders and outsiders.
    - - 'People, things and practices are strongly linked to particular places and when these links are broken or when people have acted out of place they have deemed to committed a crime.'
        
        Examples:
        
        Travellors
        
        Protesters
        
        LQBTQ+ community
        
        Mirgrants