Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Mind & Body problem, Free will, 4E cognition, Consciousness, What is…
-
Free will
-
new unconscious ~Wegner
-
Confabulations
-
Nisbett and Wilson: Stocking experiment
- show 5 identical stockings and let pp pick the best
- right-hand bias
- came up with confabulations
-
-
-
free will doesn't imply dualism
( ≠ talking about free will includes mind-body dualism > reject M-B dualism = reject free will)
-
-
scientists understand FW as causal efficacy of conscious choices BUT in philo debates on consciousness and mental causation are separated from debate on free will
Conditions for free will
- choice possibility to do otherwise (philosophers)
- problem: world is deterministic (everything is determined by laws of nature; you could not have done otherwise)
- determinism affects actions, thoughts & decisions
- can't be sure about determinism
- absence of determinism doesn't provide FW
- agential control agent need to determine action themself (psychologists)
4E cognition
Radical 4E
- mind is fundamentally constituted by interaction of body and environment -
- perception is active; perception-action loops> reject Sandwich model
-
-
- embodied: body= mind
- embedded: environment enhances our cognition
- extended aka the extended mind hypothesis: when integrate environmental resources they become part of our cognitions
- parity principle: extensions can do what mind can
- complementary: mind is complimented by things so that it can do more
- enactive: need environment for cognition
- experience: essential to understand how mind and environment relate
- autonomy: autonomous system is able to produce itself
- sense making: process in which autonomous system enacts in meaningful way in environment
-
Brooks:
- motivated shift in thinking about mind > mind not for thinking but for doing
- low-level cognition can be constituted by interaction of body & environment (by computer)
-
Consciousness
-
~Block access consciousness
- explicit memory, to control action
- often also phenomenal conscious
- directly available for thoughts, speech and future thoughts
phenomenal consciousness
- subjective quality of experience
- associated with qualia: specific qualitative experiential character eg their what-is-it-likeness; time boundaries
- eg taste of salt
-
heterophenomenology: explain consciousness in purely objective terms
neurophenomenology: starting from reality of subjective C to describe it scientifically
What is science?
logical empiricism
-
were impressed by objectivity of science
- context of discovery: historical process (Subjective)
- context of justification: justifying theory (objective)
-
Kuhn
-
paradigm:
- set of assumptions all scientists accept
- examples that have been solved by these assumptions
shared assumptions, beliefs and values that unite community and allow normal science
kind of puzzle solving
- not test paradigm but eliminate minor puzzles
- results contradictory> wrong method
new paradigm
normal science
- ordinary day-to-day science
anomalies
- phenomena that can't be explained by paradigm
crisis
- too many anomalies
- no confidence in paradigm
revolutionary science
- alternative explanations are proposed
- new paradigm gets established
-
change in paradigm not only due to observable facts but also due to peer pressure> science NOT rational activity
- facts are paradigm-relative; change paradigm change facts about world
-> radical anti-ralism
incommensurability
- impossible to compare paradigms bc there is no common language
- scientific change not linear but directionless
incompatible
- cannot compare since not talking about same things
- later: partial translation can be achieved but not objective
incommensurability of standards:
can't agree about which paradigm is superior bc disagreement about what a good paradigm needs
theory-ladenness
- theory-neutrality is an illusion
- objective choice between two paradigms not possible
- idea of objective truth is questioned
- some statements can be accepted by proponents of different paradigms
rejection of objective truth is doubted bc it cannot be the objective truth since there is none
-
Legacy of Kuhn:
- history and dichotomy between context of discovery and justification not ignored anymore
- science = intrinsically social activity
- PRO science: did not intend to undermine science but to help understand it better
Popper
-
-
CRITIQUE: too simplistic
- should not simply refute theory bc investigating further can find important results
-
not just attempt to understand& explain the world BUT wants to understand how techniques (experiments, observation and theory construction) enable scientists
-
Is science value-free?
-
-
-
example from human psychology:
- using Darwin to explain human bh
- sociobiology wars: sociobiology justifies anti-social bh
- Modern evolutionary psychology improved by culture, cross-cultural diversity, and adopting stricter scientific standards
- still it reinforces stereotypes
- distinction between facts and value (only bc bh developed doensn'T make it morally right)
example from medicine:
- how to understand mental disorders?
- objective medical condition
- normative categories involving value judgement
strong programme
-
movement> science is product of society
- ideas are socially determined
->theory ladenness, sience = social activity, no objective algorithm for theory-choice
-
-
-