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Henry VIII - Coggle Diagram

- - - - failure of the legatine trial, Henry had now ay to get what he wanted and settle the King's Great Matter- fell in love with Anne Boleyn and needed a legitimate heir- refusal of the annulment in 1534
      - Warning signs to the pope- act in restraint of annates 1532, submission of the clergy 1532.
      - After Anne was pregnant- act in restraint of appeals in 1532, Act of Supremacy 1534
    - - Act in restraint of annates banned all but 5% - papacy's main source of income
      - Act of the first fruits and tenths in 1534- clreical office have to pay a years salary and 10% of their salary thereafter, increasing royal revenue by 40%
      - Dissolution of the monastries- 500 houses dissolved, crown income doubled, monastic land at 1.3 million.
      - Spent on defenses.
      - Caesaro-Papism
      - Extinguishing the authority of the bishiop of rome- all land for those who defended the pope handed over.
      - Chantries dissolved in 1545
  - - - 1532 Act in restraint of annates- warning shots for Pope, banning payment of all but 5% of annates
      - 1534 act for the first fruits and tenths + Act in restraint of Appeals 1532- continued finanical maniulation by imposing high taxes on celrgymen - hostile anti-clerical political climate- removed power of the pope to make decisions in England- removed ability to make appeals
      - Act of Supremacy 1534- appointment of Cromwell as viceregen- able to to exercise all power that legally belowed to the King
      - 1536 Act extinguishing the authority of the Bishop of Rome
      - Crown income doubled and the resale of monastic land reached 3.1 million
      - Submission of the clergy 1534
        
        convocation lost ability to make laws, had to ask permission- cromwell made viceregent and therefore had total control.
    - - Act of Six articles 1539
        
        enforced pre-existing herecy laws, heretics automatically prescribed to death for repudiation of transubstantiation
      - Act for the advancement of true religion 1538
        
        banned reading of bible in englihs.
      - John Lambert execution 22 November 1538
      - Pilgrimage of grace 1536
        
        200 executed
        
        40,000 rebels
    - - Dissolution of the Monastries 1536-39- visual representation, supposedly validated by the valor ecclesiasticus in 1535
      - 1536 act of ten articles- ambiguous guidelines fore worship and failing to clarifgy the importance of transubstantiation and the Eucharist- many peasants read it wrong.
      - 1536 royal injunctions- making the clergy preach the royal supremacy
        
        1538 Royal injunctions- Matthew's bible and Bishop's book- total of around 9000 Englihs bibles- 8,145 parishes
      - Bishop's book - cromwell- attacking some catholic traditions
  - - - Church
      - Layman
        
        Pilgrimnage of grace
      - Nobility
    - - No- because there was a lack of total change and wholesale worship
        
        Lack of doctrinal change and ambiguous position of the church
        
        Act of ten then six articles- differing messages about transubstantiation
        
        Defender of faith- act for advancement of true religion- cromwell as viceregent and King's book bible reading
        
        Legal
        
        Act of Supremacy
        
        Submissiion of the clergy
        
        Act in first fruits and tenths
      - No- deterrence
        
        Treason act 1534
        
        Thomas More, refused to take the oath of supremcy
        
        acts of attainder meant individuals could be executed without trial
        
        Elizaabeth of Barton made to recant publicly adn then executed.
        
        300 men killed between 1533-1540
        
        Oath of Supremacy
        
        1538 execution of John Lambert
      - yes, pilgrimage of grace and church
        
        Pilgrimage of grace - layman
        
        40,000 men - open rebellion
        
        however- didn't want removal of king- and instead wanted no more reliigous polic.
        
        adopted fluctuating policies following the rebellion
        
        Nobility
- - - - Taxation
        
        invention of the parliamentary subsidy
        
        tax based on income of landowners
        
        was levied four times from 1513-1523
        
        brought in £413,000 in direct taxes from 1513-1527
      - raised 250,000 in loans for the second french war.
      - £240,000 in clerical taxes from 1515-1529
      - Power in the church
        
        christmas eve 1515 sworn in as Lord Chancellor
        
        Legateship in 1518
        
        Between 1524-1529 dissolved 30 religious houses to build colleges at Oxford and in Ipswich.
    - - Star chamber- contained powers of both the coubncil and other stautroy tribunals- caseloads rising from 12 a year under Henry VII to 120 a year.
        
        Sir Robert Sheffield, a Royal Councillor, was imprisoned in the twoer as an accessory to felony as well as being heavily fined.
        
        Had to set up overflow tribunals such as that in Whitehall in 1519
      - Increased the role of prerogative courts, using a system of equity rather than tehcnical lwetter of law- cheaper quixker and lacked need for technical argument.
      - 1517 national enquiry to discover the extent of enclosure
        
        laws of 1489 and 1514-1515 against enclosure enforced- cases launched against 260 landlordds and corporations.
        
        fixed poultry prices
        
        Ordered JP's to buy surplus grain and sell it cheaply to the needy in the bad harvest of 1527.
      - legal
        
        Court of Requests
        
        Star Chamber
        
        Court of Chancery
    - - Amciable grant 1525 - set up after parliuament refused to give money for the 2nd french war- enforced taxation
      - parliament of 1523 pressured wolsey to abandeon enclosure policy for 18 months in return for large subsidy- needs of war overrided social reform.
      - Riots in lavenham
      - Eltham Ordinances in January 1526 failed - anger and frustration at the nobles
  - - - Sack of Rome June 1527- Charles V (nephew of Catherine of aragon) sacks Rome after the League of Cognac in 1526- meant no favourable conditions for th edivorce- and pope left under strong influence of Charles V
      - 1528 decision by the pope to allow the legatine trial- Wolsey and Campeggion held trial in England- but Campeggio told to be deliberately slow. Pope wanted Campeggio not to settle the case after Charles V battle at landriano.
      - Henry had no male heir- felt that marriage was illegal because of brother's wife
      - charged with praemunire on October 29- upholding the power of the pope rather than with the King
      - Henry beleived he was deliberately stalling- Wolsey promised it within two years
    - - His monopoly over the King had made enemiues
      - Abbess of Wilton case- Henry wanted to appoint one of his courtiers relations- Wolsey appointed someone else- royal wish had been ignored-
- - - - Establish third fiddle
        
        Played around by Charles V- 1521 Treaty of Bruges coalition with the HRE, but England forced to send an army in 1523- costing £400,000 - and then later refused to attack the French in the Second french war in 1522.
        
        Ultimate failure- Francis I and Charles V annual incomes were £350,000 and £560,000 rather than a mere £110,000
        
        Treaty of Cambrai in 1529 made without Henry's knowledge, undermined all previous treaties and securing peace between france and HRE- england no longer significant.
        
        Sack of Rome 1527
        
        Field of cloth of Gold 1520 proved of no political importance and wasted a year's income- second french war two years later.
        
        Failed to establish third fiddle because was foolish and played around by the two mainstream powers, the HRE, and France. 1518 treaty seemed successful, led to fiueld of cloth of gold, but was ultimately epheraml. Wolsey's decision to go with HRE- due to ascension of Charles V in the 1521 treeaty of bruges who then betrayed him, also lost the alliance of the French, resulting in an isolated scenarion and England ultimately vulnerable to the whim of the other two nations- evidenced in the Sack of Rome in 1527.
      - Strong succession
        
        Francis I of France had encouraged the Duke of Suffolk to marry Henry's sister, mary, when he travelled to France to accompany her back to England- King's sister had married a non-royal withouit permission, nd could nmot be used in the marriage market.
        
        HRE Charles V annulled planned marriage between him and mary, henry's daughter, as he no longer needed Englsih support in 1514
        
        Failure to secure divorce following the sack of rome in 1527 and the Battle of landriano
      - Evidence of some success at the start of his reign
        
        Peace of London 1518 - common goal against ottomans, made england arbiter of power until 1520, London centre of diplomatic affairs- Wolsey ingenuity.
        
        First French War 1512-1514 success
        
        capture of Tourenne and Tournai- restored french pension and arranged marriage of mary to Louis on October 9th 1514
        
        led to field of cloth of gold
        
        1527 Anglo french treaties of Westminster and Amiens to try and act as anti-imperial alliance against HRE- league of cognac in 1526 - in the war of league of cognac against Charles V.
  - - - 1541 end of Franco-Hapsbueg alliance, Henry VIII agreed to mutually attack France with Charles V - however, Charles did not show up- leaving Henry isolated and illustrating his secondary role in European power play.
      - Treaty of greenwich 1543
        
        Marriage between Edward and mary- signed by Earl of Arran, but rejected by scottish parliament which led to the rough wooing- England diplomatically isolated once more- Auld alliance reinstates, legacy of considerable loathing following the rough wooing which ordered all villages within 7 miles of edinburgh to be burnt- resulted in 300 churches beingt burnt and several hundred killed
        
        Led to expensive garrisoning of the army.
        
        James had protexted rebels afterr POG
        
        Scots had undertaken border raids after England signed an anglo-imperial alliance in 1542.
        
        Mary married the French dauphin
    - - Henry had taken the reigns after expelling both Cromwell and Wolsey- had the significant desire to be the warrior king, but meant that he became overambnitious and impulsive in his military decisions.
      - £2 million expenditure- 10x annual income of the crown
        
        wastage of money spent on fortifications,
        
        debased coinage whihc led to economic turbulence and rampant inflation.
        
        borrowed money from antwerp
      - £300,000 spent on redoing the fortifications in Todleo in fear of an armada.
      - French counter attack, several ships reaching the solent- led to the sinking of the mary rose and 200 men killed in 1545.
    - - Initial attack on Scotland was a success- anger that the treaty of greenwich had been rejected, and wanted to force the marriage between edward and mary queen of scots.
        
        Solway Moss, killed 20,000 troops and James V died of shame.
        
        16 castles, 7 monastries and raids along the scottish border with Duke of hertford.
      - French attack 1544 was initially successful
        
        Kept Boulogne,
        
        French pension at the treaty of camp 7 in 1546
      - Actually ended up causing more harm than good
        
        8 years allowed for Boulogne
        
        added 130,000 to war cost nightmare to maintain with no welll in the city
        
        siege cost 600,000
        
        garissoning it cost 340,000
- - - - Act of succession in 1543
      - secured by setting up iof regency council that had a mix of individuals in 1546 - Paget, Robson and Somerset
      - Presence of paget evidences religious toleration and shows that there was actual involvement on Henry's behalf rather than an entirely proto-catholic regency council.
    - - Ultimately made the major decisions
      - faction pressured henry to execute the duke of norfolk and catherine howard fter she coiuld no longer pretend to love him and resrted to affairs- but he actiually let Norfolk go free given his service to the crown and executed Howard.
      - Let Cranmer free despite radical cathilic factional argument, and made sure that parr was not arrested.
      - Persecution of factional rivalry
        
        executed member of privy council but let his sons go
        
        Earl of Surrey- Howard's son- claimed to be the heir to the throne and was executed
    - - Boulogne- 130,000, 340,000 to garrison, no well
      - rough wooing failed
        
        marriage of mary to french dauphin
        
        auld alliance reinstated
      - 2 million crown expenditure
      - Treaty of Greenwich 1543
- - - - Unable to give Henry great power status
      - Failure of the marriage to Anne of Cleves - eventually annulled in 1540
        
        Cromwell's attempts at trying to find alliuance following the Treaty of Toledo in 1539 which isolated england because France and Spain mutually agreed to not make further alliances with them.
        
        Sent Hans Holbein to paint her- too generous- Henry called her the flanders mare.
        
        Increasing possibility of a war between the Duke of Cleves and the HRE- which henry did notwant.
      - Henry's excommunication in 1538 meant people were fearful ogf a crusade.
      - not wholly sufficient because - he was given title of earl of sussex shortly after.
    - - Growing prevalence of the Howard faction and Stephen Gardiner.
        
        accussed cromwell of protecting a group of protestant extremists in Calais
        
        Norfolk had spoken with king of france which had improved his relationship with henryt
        
        Catherine Howard (19 year old) seen as marriage alternative- married her in July 1540- Norfolk's number one enemy was cromwell.
        
        execution took place on the same day as marriage to howard
    - - Pilgrimage of grace (40,000 men dangerous for henry)
        
        Lambert execution
        
        ten articles
        
        dissolution of monastries
        
        60 protestant protection
      - Heresy