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Narrow Personality Traits - Coggle Diagram
Narrow Personality Traits
Hierarchy of Personality Description
general personality factor: Big One (musek, 2007)
digman (1997)
alpha factor = stability
agreeableness
conscientiousness
neuroticism
beta factor = plasticity
extraversion
openness
represents positive traits
extent to which someone is equipped to survive the trials of life
bandwidth fidelity dilemma
trade-off between breadth and accuracy of prediction
broader, higher level descriptors
predict more behaviour
less accurate
narrow, lower level descriptors
predict fewer behaviours
more accurate
goal of our research determines where on the hierarchy we want to measure from
holistic models aim for simple models of entire personality space (few, broad traits)
narrow measures focus on part of personalityrelevant to specific behaviours but not interested in how these may interact
Lower Level Descriptors
narrower, richer descriptions and stronger predictors of specific behaviours
paunonen & ashton (2001)
717 students completed BIG 5 scale
looked for correlations between grades and the BIG 5 and their facets
found need for achievement facet was a stronger predictor of grade than overall C and same for need for understanding facet for O
Authoritarianism
adorno et al. (1950) tried to explain recent examples of prejudice towards others through this personality trait
characteristics
preference for unambiguous, familiar routines
strong views on crime/punishment
respect for institutions
attitude or personality trait
bouchard (2003) looked at twins reared apart finding them to have similar conservatism
amodio et al. (2007) found conservatism to be associated with decreased neural response for inhibiting a response or go/no-go task
Schizotypy
continuity hypothesis
there is no discontinuity between normality and illness therefore we should find personality traits related to psychosis in non-clinical samples
correlated items based on clinical descriptions of SZ and reflects genetic/bio vulnerability to psychosis
concepts/measures of schizotypy
concepts measured in schizotypy (O-LIFE factor analysis)
cognitive disorganisation = cognitive difficulties, sense of purposelessness, anxiety
introvertive anhedonia = lack of enjoyment from social sources and dislike for intimacy
impulsive nonconformity = impulsive and disinhibited behaviour
unusual experiences = perceptual distortions, hallucinations and magical thinking
schizotypal personality questionnaire (raine, 1991)
items developed to capture the 9 features of shizotypal personality disorder
validity of schizotypy
negative priming = measure of cognitive inhibition which is reduced in SZ
stroop test (steel et al., 1996)
p's with high shizotypy showed low negative priming effect
The Dark Triad
machiavellianism
used to describe manipulativeness behaviours
christie and geis (1970): mach-IV
20 itme likert-type response to measure their tactics, views and morality
contained negatively worded items
p's engaged in an activity with some asked to cheat
eyecontact measured and those with high M had more eye contact post-cheating than low M
paulhaus and williams (2002)
found three overlapping yet distinct dark traits
narcissim: inflated self-worth, grandiosity
psychopathy: non-clinical features of psychopaths
machiavellianism
moderate but significant correlations
dirty dozen measure of dark triad (jonason & webster (2010)
measures each construct
each question loads heavily onto one factor and low onto the others
dark triad vs BIG 5 models
PEN
magnitude of correlations low
all neg correlations with agreeableness
suggests PEN cannot explain triad
HEXACO
correlates up to -.94 with honesty/humility