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OCR A Level Geography Paper 2 (Human Interactions) - ALL CASE STUDIES -…
OCR A Level Geography Paper 2 (Human Interactions) - ALL CASE STUDIES
spaces, places
characteristics of 2 places
SHERINGHAM
BUTETOWN
DEMOGRAPHY
top heavy age pyramid,
97% White British
- not diverse
youthful
, ethically diverse as
60% have no welsh national identity
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
Life expectancy higher
than national average - wealthier, good healthcare.
55% own house outright
- wealthier, aging
Life expectancy lower
than average, a
low percentage
(just about 10%) own a house outright - deprived, youthful
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
flint cottages
, tourist attractions of Beeston Bump
Pierhead Building
, attraction for the tourists
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Cromer Ridge, Sheringham Park, sandy beaches
Nature reserve, mudflats
HISTORY
Scandavian Origins
- recorded as
Silingham
in Domesday Book. Traditional
fishing village
-> insular, isolated before rail links
Docks
meant
terraced housing
,
mass unemployment
as Docks closed, multi-ethnical people moved in.
Deindustrlisation
and
economic decline
CULTURAL
67% Christian
, traditional, annual crab and lobster festival
37% Christian
, diverse, multicultural
POLITICAL
Anti-Tescos protests
as indepedent shops suffered, turnover dropped by 70%
Celebrates
diverse culture
, high drug crime rate and child poverty, has
The Snedd
for Wales National Assembly.
2 places contrasting social inequalities
DHARVI
NORTHWOOD
evidence of social inequality
average household is the extended family (1 million in 1 square mile)
average household is about 3 people
500
share
1 toilet
85% of population work in cottage industries (
$2 a day
)
weekly bin collection, trees line streets
work in uni employment, quaternary and teritary sectors with TNC headquarters. Medium income is around
$200 a day
factors influencing social inequality
built on landfill, no planning permission
low density
overcrowding, high population
no proper sanitation
low air pollution
not funded by government, illegal and untaxed... lack of education and no minium working age
more educated, 69% have degrees (aged 25+) - better opportunities for higher skilled jobs
differences
Social inequality is worse/more prevalant in Dharvi than Northwood
Northwood has a higher income, cleaner streets, money from government wheras Dharvi have no support
Paid more in Northwood as they have to abide by minium wage legislation
similarities
Both have strong community spirits, due to meetings and gatherings.
Both areas are experiencing industrial growth; Dharvi with it's cottage industries and new opportunities, and Northwood is moving to more technological and quaternary employment.
structural economic change
BIRMINGHAM
impacts on people
Inner city dense housing
Employment opportunities - multiplier effect
Community Schemes
Canals - jobs, revitalization to area, more attractive
University campus - youthful, wealth
Varied ethnic composition - windrush brought people in, changing culture of the place
Pioritising tourism - attractiveness, Grand Central, HS2, Bull Ring shopping centre
key players
De Birmingham Family
Matthew Boulton
Austin Car Plant
Dunlop Fort Plant
Rail links
De-industralisation
key moments/changes
De Birmingham Family applied to charter for monthly market -
FIRST PLAYERS TO TRIGGER CHANGE
Matthew Boulton brought 700 employees to the area
Development in infrastructure - canals and rail links
Austin Car Plant - peak of structural economic change
Decline caused by globlisation, de-industrlisation, competition, the oil crisis and the global recession.
UK gov. diverted FDI
Dunlop Fort Factory - 10,000 employees
signs of deprivation - rock bottom
recently economic growth - focusing on development with flagship developments, keeping the canals to show their industrial heritage, their university and their varied ethnic composition is valued too.
Earlier
BEGINNING OF ECONOMIC CHANGE FROM PRIMARY TO SECONDARY
Early (1900s)
PEAK
Recent
DECLINE
Now
rebranding
BARCELONA
WHY
illegal activities
terrible quality of life
one of the densely populated areas in the world
run down and not maintained - negative image
lack of FDI
STRATEGIES
role of culture
Artistic culture - architecture of Gaudi, world heritage site. Art galleries, museums, cafes - helps to promote the city as vibrant, creative, and with a lively atmosphere.
Flagship of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Private Uni, housing and the hotel of Barcelo Raval
role of sport
1992 Olympic Games - catalan pride and identity -> redevelopment of run down areas such as the waterside, used as an overall
Barcelona FC - encouraging tourism
role of business
Building a reputation for innovation and a sustainable business hub, attracting skilled workers - given the title of Innovation European City by UN
PERCEPTION + SUCCESS
Improved look of buildings e.g. housing from blocks to piazzas has changed perceptions to be less negative
Barcelona seen as a more environmentally friendly place, with a vibrant and cultural atmosphere, with green spaces, museums, and the destruction of unattractive and run-down factories.
negative impacts
crime has risen in Raval - more policing added
Negatively impacted environment - rivers, airport expansion, greenbelt reduced
gentrification - social tension, higher property prices pushing locals out, graffitti
social success
quality of life improved (access to services, less pollution and overcrowding), better housing
economic success
Increased tourist numbers
Wealth and jobs increase
centre for innovation and business
bringing investment and employment = wealth increase
Investment into attractions, attracted tourists
environmental success
less pollution - less factories as they have been redeveloped into flagships along with green spaces, and parks and gardens for the public.
KEY PLAYERS
Improvements to university and accomodation attracting youthful and therefore economically active people making rebranding sustainable for the future
Local authority - improved layout, reduced pollution and corruption.
EU funding - covered 80% by funding, gave title of 'European City of Innovation'
Barcelona FC - attracted tourists with stadium, causing multiplier effect and therefore economic growth
migration
corridor creates interdependence (EDC)
BRAZIL
IMPACTS
ECONOMIC
growth in agriculture and manufacturing sectors
highly skilled immigrants have reduced gaps in labour market
immigration to USA and Portugal led to remittances (0.1% of GDP) being sent back, used by families for education and housing
POLITICAL STABILITY
stable democratic political system
member of trading bloc - free trade of resources
stable migration relationship with USA and Portugal
Environmental and political refugees, visas and jobs are recieved
SOCIAL EQUALITY
inequalities exist between different ethnic groups within housing provisions, access to services and education
poverty in rural areas
discrimination in labour market
OVERVIEW
7th largest economy in the world
Net migration rate: -0.1 migrant per 1,000 population (2016)
CHANGES IN PATTERNS
European attracted to working in agriculture e.g. coffee (Italians, Germans
Immigration slowed in past 15 years, 80,000 fewer immigrants living there
PATTERNS OF MIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION
Net migration loss of half a million
Increased migration to neighbouring states
Increased brain drain of skilled workers
INTERDEPENDENCE
PORTUGAL
bilatral relationship based on economic, social and political basis
Brazil was former Spanish colony, special status given to Brazilian migrants
Shared language and family ties - easy intergration
Well developed disapora networks - migrant remittances
USA
low skilled Brazilians can return money and returnees bring skills
Jobs in highly skilled sectors
USA has agreements with Brazil (regarding agriculture, trade, finances)
HAITI
Political, economic and humanitarian relationship
Immigrants from Haiti obtain visa's easily - reducing vulnerability to human trafficking
Haiti escaping political instability, unemployment and poverty
Low skilled jobs available
limited influence over migration (LIDC)
LAOS
Land locked, subsitence farming
PATTERNS
Most live abroad - 1.3 million Laos born lived abroad (2013)
Emigration to Thailand - no financial gain due to subsitence farming
Immigration from Vietnam - employment opportunities, similar language and culture
POLICIES
Member of ASEAN - trading bloc for free-trade, and easy movement of skilled labour
Laos is a source for human trafficking - limited opportunities, forced labour and sexual exploitation
INTERDEPENDENCE
LAOS-THAILAND
Unskilled people from Laos work in low skilled jobs and send remittances back
Cooperation Committee
They provide sea access, trade, communication, and funded health services
Rail links
opens Laos to more economic opportunities and development
OPPORTUNITIES
Political stability improving
Migrant remittances - 22% of families live below poverty line
Stimulates trade, investment and development projects
CHALLENGES
large garment/textiles industry that needs improved working conditions and relies on the women being retained, and needs to be sustainable
Most economic migrants are young, low skilled and vulnerable to trafficking and forced labour
Loss of skilled workers
influence and control over migration (AC)
USA
PATTERNS
Mexico make up nearly 30% of immigrants
Net migration gain
Highly skilled
Many refugees return to origin country
Positive immigration policies such as Green Card and opportunities for remittances
OPPORTUNITIES
Attracts highly skilled and well-qualified professionals
Younger age, economically active migrants
Low paid jobs are taken, providing significant contributions to the GDP and economic growth of the U.S.A
Immigrants are consumers themselves, helping job creation and generating wealth
POLICIES
Immigration and Naturalisation Act governs the immigration laws by limiting the number of immigrants entering
American Immigration Policy focuses on Reunification of Families, Skills Valuable to Economy and Protecting Refugees
Humanitarian assistance/relief gives temporary visas
INTERDEPENDENCE
MEXICO
Largest bilatral corridor in the world
Over 11 million Mexicans live in the USA
Low skilled Mexicans working in low paid services
High remittances as wages are higher (2% of Mexico's GDP)
Political relationship over the border, drug trade, and therefore co-operate over these common issues
CHALLENGES
Where immigrants are concentrated, this places a strain on services and resources e.g. water supply in California
Uneven process of intergration into society due to barriers of cultural, language, socio-economic and location differences.
Estimated 11 million unauthorised immigrants (6 million Mexicans) live in the U.S.A - toughened borders, and passed harsher laws against illegal immigrants
human rights
women's rights in country
INDIA
ISSUES
political partipation
only 11% women in parliment
access to education
Seen as an economic burden, 40% of girls don't finish secondary school
violence against women
viewed as social norm, over 50% women believe that a man beating a wife is acceptable
modern slavery
mostly women and girls are involved, 14 million people are sexually exploited, forced through forced marriage and labour
discrimination in work place
maternal benefits are denied, due to the social norm that children are the women's responsbility and they should stay at home
STRATEGIES
NGOs
CARE -> empowering women and financial assistance for education
Safe Cities Project -> reducing sexual abuse on the streets
WASH -> reducing taboo on women's menstrating, periods, and girl's bodies through education
GOVERNMENT
Protection of Women Against Domestic Violence Act, UN treaty against discrimination, and the Probition of Child Marriage
Increasing number of women in police in Delhi
Companies aiming to be more flexible with women's health and needs
CONSEQUENCES
dowry deaths
family cannot meet dowry demands
honour killings
woman killed by womens family as she is not agreeing to the marriage -> grown by 800%
womens health
at risk before and after pregnancy, high mortality rates. Patriarchal society subjects selective abortions
global governance of human rights in conflict area
AFGHANISTAN
ABOUT CONFLICT
killed more than 900,000 people, however, probably higher with deaths caused by disease, and lack of access to water, food and infrastructure
cost the U.S.A estimated nearly $3 trillion
human right abuse with domestic violence and inequalities (worsened through Taliban government)
23 million Afghans at risk of starvation or malnutrition (extreme poverty)
STRATEGIES
NATO/UN
NATO Allies to ensure country wouldn't be a 'safe haven' for terrorists, and safeguarding human right obligations, by monitoring, investigating and reporting on abuses
UN's restrictions on trade has impacted inflation rate and increased cost of living
UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) for sustainable peace and development, promoting respect and accountability for human rights, and coordinating responses
AFGHANISTAN GOVERNMENT
promote economic growth
bilatral agreement with the U.S.A for long-term funding
passing laws in favour of human rights enforcement -> promoting gender equality, 25% of elected have to be female, Elimination of Violence against Women
NGO - AFGHAN AID
All families don't eat enough
sustainable rural development strategies
aid to 1.1 million Afghans
emergency assistance
underpinned by UN's development goals
CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
RURAL AREAS - Ghor
drought and economic crisis excaberated by crisis -> 40% of crops lost
basic rights have been neglected (gender inequality, selling daughters, limited access to education, sanitation and health and nutrition)
not enough government support with knowledge of maintaining seeds and soil quality
URBAN AREAS - Kabul
rapid urban growth and neglected human rights has deprived communities of services
reliant on community development councils to reflect needs of the area in plans
RECENTLY
TALIBAN TAKEOVER
food poverty risen by 35%
banned girls from going to school (80% of girls out of school)
more than 1.1 million children in child labour
took back laws and policies
restricted women working (economic loss of nearly $1 billion)
landlocked
mountanious area
politically unstable under Taliban control
global governance of human rights in LIDC
HONDURAS
HUMAN RIGHT ISSUES
gang culture
and
drug related
violence
gangs
exercise
territoral control
by forcefully recruiting children, and by sexually abusing, raping and displacing those who rebel/resist
unlawful
use of force and corruption by the police
organised crime
(trafficking of children)
highest murder rates in the world with 1 every hour
harrassment and violence against women (174) and journalists (44) (2021)
$30 billion worth of cocaine believed to pass through every year
poverty
with around half of the population living under $2 a day
STRATEGIES
THE UN
provided a human right advisor
aiming to strengthen government insitutions, build a stronger human rights culture, and co-ordinate work
THE USA
Prioritising anti-corruption
providing $50 million in security
US AID aim to reduce irregular migration, improve development and justice and security by focusing on the youth. They have helped almost 25,000 families to increase their income.
NGOs
Coffee Vs Gangs -> an education scheme that takes 20 young people and teaches them to farm coffee which is a large agricultural export at 44% so they stay out of gangs and instead become coffee farmers, making them leave with a business plan at the end.
THE HONDURAN GOVERNMENT
Relies heavily on NGOs
Set up Ministry for Justice and Human Rights, and the Ministry for Security
Focusing on reforming citizen security and preventing torture
OPPORTUNITIES
STABILITY
bilatral links with U.S.A (economic security)
community based efforts to prevent crime and gang activity
local governance being strengthened
political stability with US support for anti-corruption
ECONOMIC GROWTH
US AID working in local areas to end poverty
small farmers assisted to increase trade opportunities (under free trade agreements with USA)
food security programmes promote diversification, and training in emergency response to natural hazards
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
targets for school enrolment as 40% of the population are under 15 years old
maternal/child health and nutrition improving, and preventing HIV/AIDS help with development
CHALLENGES
INEQUALITY
discriminaton against HIV positive people
inequality gap between rich and the poor
rural-urban migration leaving housing shortages, problems of water supply and sanitation
unequal access to education and health care
INJUSTICE
judges face intimidation
criminal justice system needs modernisation
discrmination against indigenous populations
violence related to drug trafficking and gangs
violence on children
attacks on journalists