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Approaches to Personality pt2 - Coggle Diagram
Approaches to Personality pt2
The Lexical Hypothesis
all aspects of individual personality can be described from single words
allport & odbert (1936)
collected personality terms from webster's dictionary
original 555,000 words had too much overlap and reduced to 18,000
removed terms relating to cognitive, physical or transient states resulting in a final 4500 items
Latent Variables
psychological variables that cannot be directly observed and instead must be inferred on the basis of behaviour and self-reported experience
psychometricts = scientific measurement of psychological variables
correlations
terms highly related to be represented by one common factor
terms with no corr are not related under common factor
Factor Analysis
multivariate data reduction
looks to identify sets of latent variables that best account for pattern of correlations
want to see items that load heavily onto one factor
issues with factor analysis
researcher decides how many factors to extract and names for the latent variable
Catell's 16 Personality Factor Model
stage 2
100 p's rate one/two people on all 171 terms
found 60 clusters
added a few more terms from psychiatric literacture
reduce to 45 surface traits based on own judgement and guidance from literature
eventually identified 16 personality factors (source traits)
features of model
dimensions not categories
described top and bottem of each factor
ordered from most to least important
factor B (abstract to concrete reasoning) maps onto intelligence
Q factors he felt could only be measured through self-report
stage 1
took the original 4500 and made groups of synonyms and paired antonyms
selected an examplar from each resulting in 171 terms
evaluation
criticism
subjective/arbitrary
non-replicable
16 is still too many
correlations are not independent
modern models account for factors with 5 items
positives
methodological/data driven
promoted use of FA
revised 16PF questionnaires are still used
formed basis of BIG 5 model
BIG 5
strong evidence for 5 independent factors from lexical hypothesis and FA
deemed 5 factors necessary and reasonably sufficient for describing major features of personality at a global level
NEO-Personality Inventory measures 6 facets of each super trait
neuroticism
low
rarely irritated
feel blue
comfortable with self
high
dislike self
panic easily
frequent mood swings
extraversion
low
little to say
don't like attention
high
comfortable around others
likes attention
warm to others
openness to experience
tendency to engage in intellectual activities and experience new sensations/ideas
low
not interested in abstract ideas
avoid philosophical discussions
high
believe in importance of art
vivid imagination
enjoy hearing new ideas
agreeableness
tendency toward prosocial behaviour
low
sharp tongue
untrusting in others
high
good owrd for everyone
respect others
conscientiousness
proactive and self-disciplined
low
wastes time
don't achieve goals
high
prepared
dutiful
BIG 5 vs PEN Theory
PEN
openness is intelligence not personality
agreeableness is just low P/N and high E
costa and mccrae (1985) correlations
demonstrated E and N to measure to the same latent factor
A/O/C did not correlate with PEN suggesting independence
doesn't tell us which model is right just that they are different
Other Big Trait models
alternative BIG 5 (zuckerman et al., 1999)
impulsive unsocialised sensation seeking
aggression0hostility
activity
sociability
neuroticism-anxiety
HEXACO (lee & ashton, 2004)
honesty-humility
emotionality
extraversion
agreeableness
conscientiousness
openness to experience